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| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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| an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |
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| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |
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| a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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| the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |
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| unconditioned response (UR) |
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| the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
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| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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| a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response |
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| conditioned response (CR) |
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| the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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| an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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| in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker)conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (second-order conditioning) |
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| the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
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| the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
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| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
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| ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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| hopelessness/passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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| behavior that occurs as automatic response to some stimulus |
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| type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
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| behavior that operates on environment, producing consequences |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, unfavorable consequences=less likely |
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| in operant conditioning research a chamber (Skinner's box) containing a bar or key an animal can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforce: attached devices record animal's rate of bar pressing/key pecking |
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| operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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| in operant conditioning, stimulus that elicits response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with environment) |
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| in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli's such as food. Any stimulus that when presented after strengthens response. |
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| increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli such as shock. Negative stimulus is any stimulus that when removed strengthens response (not punishment.) |
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| innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
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| stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; (secondary reinforce) |
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| reinforcing desired response every time it occurs |
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| reinforcing only part of the time; slower acquisition of a response, much greater resistance to extinction than continuous |
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| in operant conditioning, reinforces only after specific number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, reinforces after unpredictable number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, reinforces only after specific time period has elapsed. |
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| variable-interval schedule |
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| in operant conditioning, reinforces at unpredictable time intervals |
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| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
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| mental representation of layout of one's environment. E.g. after exploring maze rats act as if they've learned cognitive map of it. |
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| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| sudden/novel realization of solution to a problem |
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| desire to perform behavior effectively for its own sake |
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| desire to perform behavior to receive promised rewards/avoid threatened punishment |
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| learning by observing others- social learning |
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| observing/imitating a specific behavior |
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| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. Brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
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| our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances |
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| the process of learning associations |
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| used by business organizations to train communications, sales, and customer service skills |
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