Term
|
Definition
| agriculture conducted on commercial principles, esp. using advanced technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A precise science that involves altering the genetic strands of agricultural products to increase productivity. It is developed mainly in science laboratories and is then tested on farm fields around the world, where it has been, for the most part, extremely successful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A grass yielding grain for food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The trading of food stuffs between the Western and Eastern Hemisphers across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans beginning in the 15th and 16th centuries with the trans-ocean trade routes (rice from Asian, potatoes to North America, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily due to human actions like excessive crop planting, annual grazing, and tree cutting |
|
|
Term
| dispersed settlement program |
|
Definition
| individual farmhouses are far apart (dispersed) due to extensive agriculture practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fencing or hedging of large blocks of land for experimening with new farming techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, etc. -- loss of farmible soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area |
|
|
Term
| extensive subsistence agriculture |
|
Definition
| use of large amounts of land with minimal labor per land unit (pastoral nomadism and shifting cultivation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homes grouped into small clusters of buildings (villages if slightly larger) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rapid economic changes that occured in agriculture and manufacturing in England in the late 18th century and that rapidly spread to other parts of the developed world - required the 2nd Agricultural Revolution to free up and produce a labor force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any kind of agriculture activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The growing of various types of crops where farming is done almost exclusively by hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the channeling of water to fields |
|
|
Term
| labor intensive agriculture |
|
Definition
| Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heory that explains how economic activity is related to the land where goods are produced (milk and perishables closer in, herding far out) |
|
|
Term
| mediterranean agriculture |
|
Definition
| agriculture system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of China and Australia, in which diverse speciality crops such as grapes, avacados, olives, and a handful of nuts, fruits, and vegetables compromise profitable agricultural operations -- specific to the terrain which is on the western side of large bodies of water that take advantage of prevailing wind moisture and have long, dry, hot summers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| System using natural features to define the boundaries of irregularly shaped parcels of land - used mainly in rural and coastal areas where the rectangular survey system does not suite the terrain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area surrounding a city in which milk is supplied; in Von Thunen's model, the milkshed is in the first ring closest into the city due to the fact that milk spoils quickly (as opposed to grains and other food stuffs that have a longer shelf life) |
|
|
Term
| mixed livestock with crop production |
|
Definition
| A type of farming where cows raised on a farm are fed with crops that are grown on the same farm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period during which people gave up wandering and settled into the cultivation of crops and domesication of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| practive of moving frequently from one place to the other, dictated by the need for pature for animals |
|
|
Term
| nucleated settlement pattern |
|
Definition
| individual villages/homes close together with small surrounding fields (Indonesia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides or fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prairie - area dedicated to grazing cattle and sheep (South America) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals (extensive - large amounts of land per food unit with less labor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patriarchal system societies in which men hold the power in the family, economy, and government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often occurring in less developed countries, plantation agriculture involves the cultivation of one crop to be sold in more developed countries (e.g. coffee plantations in Costa Rica) |
|
|
Term
| post-industrial societies |
|
Definition
| societies in which, because of the industrial revolution, most people are in the tertiary sector (Not involved with making good - service sector) |
|
|
Term
| primary economic activities |
|
Definition
| Subsistence farming based on little mechanization. This is currently performed by aboriginal tribes in Australia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of economy involving drawing the raw materials from the enviorment - farming, fishing, mining, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system where the eldest son in a family, or in exceptional cases, a daughter inherits all of the parent's land, resulting in large land parcels that are tended individual (Europe, America, compared to Asia where the land is divded among the heirs) |
|
|
Term
| quartiary economic industries |
|
Definition
| Activities that produce nothing one can physically touch but are important in society (e.g. selling internet time or providing satellite technologies, such as cell phone usage). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subset of the tertiary sector involving 'overhead' jobs - research and development, supervision, information technology, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A machine that cuts grain standing in the field |
|
|
Term
| rectangular survey system |
|
Definition
| Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels. |
|
|
Term
| Second Agricultural Revolution |
|
Definition
| Coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution used the increased technology from the Industrial Revolution as a means to increase farm productivity. This revolution started exponential population increase. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary economic activities |
|
Definition
| Industrial activities in which factories take raw materials, such as natural resources, and produce some type of product for either trade or sale. Many people in the United States are still employed in secondary economic activities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of economy involving turning raw materials into goods (manufacturing, petroleum into gas, metal into tools, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which results in sexual fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drill invention that more effectively planted seeds |
|
|
Term
| shifting cultivation (swidden agriculture) |
|
Definition
| A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. Common in Slash & Burn in the Rain Forest farming (Rain Forest common practice) |
|
|
Term
| slash and burn agriculture |
|
Definition
| The process of burning the physical landscape for both added space and additional nutrients put in the soil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crops including items like peanuts and pineapples, which are produced, usually in developing countries, for export |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. Planted where winter wheat cannot grow - Dakatas, Montana, Washington State - (other European countries) - also part of the UV bread basket. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides |
|
|
Term
| tertiary economic industries |
|
Definition
| Service activities in which an increasing number of people are involved in selling goods rather than producing them. |
|
|
Term
| Third Agricultural Revolution |
|
Definition
| Also called the Green Revolution, this transformation began in the latter half of the 20th century and corresponded with exponential population growth around the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| von Thunen model an agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activities in terms of rent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud. Used in African houses for walls with a thatched rood - also in SE Asia and the Amazon Rain Forest -- can be from bamboo, leaves, etc. Other building material types - brick, wood, stone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth - used in Asia and other areas in which land is scarce and high yield from minimal land is needed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer. - part of the Bread Basket in America (Kansas, OK, Colorado) |
|
|
