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| Is the study of the political organization of the planet, a constantly changing collage of countries that once were kingdoms, or parts of empires, or perhaps scatterings of independent tribes. |
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| Is a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country. |
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| Politics is basically all about power. |
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| Efforts to control pieces of the earth's surface for political and social ends- is basic to the study of political geography. |
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| The collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institution that the government is based on. |
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| Invisible lines that mark the extent of a state's territory and the control that its leaders have. |
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| Is a geographic zone where no state exercises power, whereas a boundary is a thin, imaginary line. |
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| Physical features are easy to see, both in reality and on maps, so they often make good boundaries. |
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| Water boundaries are visible and relatively unchanging, they are typically set in the middle of the water that follows the median line principle. |
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| The boundaries between some states are set by ethnic differences, especially those based on language and/or religion |
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| Following as a logical conclusion. |
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| The Balkans were united under the new country of Yugoslavia, which fell apart during the 1990's into several smaller ethnically based countries, a process referred to as "Balkaization". |
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| Zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups who find refuge in the isolation created by rough terrain. |
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| These are straight, imaginary lines that generally have good reasons behind their creation. |
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| Term that describes the shape, sizes, and relative locations of state |
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| In a compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary is about the same, giving it a shape similar to a circle. |
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| An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a proupted state. |
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| These states have a long and narrow shape, sometimes because of physical geography and other times for political or economic reasons |
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| These states have several discontinuous pieces of territory. |
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| Shapes of state created by their boundaries can sometimes create "Exclaves and Enclaves" |
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| A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area, but usually both. |
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| Those lacking ocean frontage and surrounded by other states, are at disadvantage for trade sea resources, transportation and communication |
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| The ability of the state too carry out actions or policies within its borders independently from interference either from the inside or the outside |
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| The shape of countries territory comes to represent a national consciousness |
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| Occur when states argue about where the border actually is. |
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| Arise over the ownership of a region, usually around mutual borders. |
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| Involve natural resources- such as mineral deposits, fertile, farmland, or rich fishing groups that lie in border areas. |
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| Arise when neighboring state cannot agree on policies that apply in a border. |
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| Countries that control what happens within their borders. |
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| Stable, long lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy. |
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| A group of people that is bound together by a common political identity. |
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| Refers to a state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people, or at least, whose population shares a general sense of unity and allegiance to a set of common values. |
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| Bi national or multinational state |
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| Is the one that contains more than one nation. |
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| Are a people with out a state |
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| Expanding outward along their frontiers. |
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| May be be problematic, especially if the areas are ethnically divers, such as in Nigeria. |
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| If no other city comes even close to rivaling the capital in terms of size of influence, the capital is a primate city |
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| If the capital city serves as a model for national objectives, especially for economic development and future hopes. |
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| Is the study of how spatial configuration of electoral districts and voting patterns reflect and influence social and political affairs. |
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| There the political party in control- either democrats or republicans- usually attempts to redraw boundaries to improve the chances of its supporters to win seats. |
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| Minority and Majority Districtng |
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| Rearranging districts to allow a minority representatives to be elected and it is just as controversial as the old style party gerrymandering |
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| Dependent areas were created first and they were given fixed and recorded boundaries where non had formally existed before. |
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| Empire building, and it characterized the political landscape during the 19th and early 20th centuries. |
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| is one that concentrates all policy- making powers in one central geographic place. |
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| spreads the power among many sub- unit such as states and has a weak central government |
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| the transfer of some important powers from central governments to sub-governments |
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| Supernational Organizations |
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| Cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level for all major decisions and rules |
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| Centripetal forces and centrifugal forces |
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| A recurring set of forces affects all nation states: centripetal forces that unify them and centrifugal forces that tend to fragment them |
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| Nationalities within a country demand independence |
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| An ethnic group shares a well developed sense of belonging to the same culture. |
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| the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct with a right to autonomy or independence is a fundamental centrifugal for force promoting devolution. |
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| Economic inequalities may also destabilize a nation-state, particularly if the inequalities are regional |
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| Spatially, devolution events most often occur on the margins of the states. |
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| in the 19th century when he theorized that a state compares to a biological organism with a life cycle from birth to death with a predictable rise and fall of power |
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| Stated that the pivot area of the earth - Eurasia holds the resource both natural and human to dominate the globe |
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| challenged the heartland theory in Nicholas Spykman book the geography of peace written in 1944. |
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| the competition between two super powers- the united states and the Soviet union for control of land spaces all over the world |
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| The body responsible for making decision |
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| A regional organization that promises to redefine the meaning of sovereignty |
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| All the countries of Europe are deeply affected by a trend |
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| control of the money supply |
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| The power to set basic interest rates and other fiscal policies is being passed from national banks and governments |
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| Two of these trends deomcaticzation and the move toward market economics indicate growing commonalities among nations or the forces of globalization |
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| Even though democracy takes many different forms, move or more nations are turning toward some form of popular government |
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| Third wave of democratization |
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| according to political scientists Samuel Huntington the modern world is not a third wave of demoralization that began during 1970 |
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| with socialist principles of centralized planning and state ownership are fading from existence, except in combination with market economics. |
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| will be most successful: one that allows for significant control from the central government |
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| Or the one that does not pure market economic |
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| is the term that describes the states re-creation of a market in which property labor goods and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value |
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| is the transfer of state owned property to private ownership |
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| division based on ethnic or cultural identity would become increasingly important in world politics |
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| the use of religious principles to promote political ends and vice versa has dominated world politics during the early 21st century. |
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