Term
| What is the difference between Descriptive, Correlation, and Experimental methods? |
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Definition
| Descriptive (describes current conditions.) Correlation (Associates relationships between factors), and Experimental is Cause + effect (Independent, dependent variables.) |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages and advantages of Naturalistic Observation? |
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Definition
Disadvantages-(Researcher can influence participants, habituation, no causality.)
Advantages-(No ethical manipulation, and confident generalization.) |
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Term
| Who are Kahneman & Tversky?, and what are they known for ? |
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Definition
| Psychologists who had an experiment in which participants believed in a specific sequence for a coin flip. In reality they discovered that we perceive things that are random to not look random. |
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Term
| Define Measures of Central Tendency...? |
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Definition
| A single score that represents the whole set of scores, summarizes the data. |
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Term
| Critical thinking plays an important role in doing what? |
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Definition
| Examining assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluated evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
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Term
| Explain what are Independent, Dependent, and Confounding variables...? |
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Definition
| Independent variable is the experimental factor that gets manipulated. Dependent variable is the outcome factor. Lastly, a confounding variable is a factor that might produce an effect in an experiment. |
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Term
| How does one obtain Standard deviation, and what is it? |
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Definition
| It is obtained through subtracting the lowest score from the highest score in the data set. A measure of variance that describes an average distance of every score from the mean. |
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Term
| Single blind study vs Double blind..? |
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Definition
| Single blind study is when the experimenter is aware of what kind of treatment each group will receive, but the subjects are unaware. Double blind is when both the researchers and subjects are "blind" to which treatment will be given. |
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Term
| What are field experiments? |
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Definition
| Natural experiments, or experiments that are not done in the laboratory and instead done in the "real world". |
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Term
| What types of Reliability (consistency) are there ? |
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Definition
| Inter-rater Reliability (naturalistic observation), degree of agreement in the ratings provided by two observers of the same behavior. Internal Consistency Reliability, Degree to which the content of the questions is related. Test-retest Reliability, stability of ratings at two points in one time. |
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Term
| Describe Internal Validity and Low internal Validity...? |
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Definition
| Internal validity us the degree to which an experiment supports clear casual conclusions. Low internal Validity, is when there is no sure cause as to the differences in dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| He noted that our compassion for animals varies based on their perceived similarity to us. |
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Term
| Operational Definitions outline..? |
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Definition
| The exact procedures that are used to represent the independent and dependent variables specific to each experiment. |
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Term
| How could one use the collected information from someone else experiment? |
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Definition
| The information can be used to not only replicate the information, but to check if the theory is testable. |
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Term
| Correlation does not show cause and effect, but Positive and negative correlation show what? |
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Definition
| Positive correlation shows two sets of scores that happen to rise and fall together. Negative correlation also shows two sets of score but one goes up as the other goes down. |
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Term
| Specify between a Population and Random Sample in an experiment...? |
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Definition
| A Population is all the cases in a group that are being studied. A Random Sample represents a population . |
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Term
| How far does the scale on Correlation Coefficients go? |
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Definition
| From -1 to +1. The stronger the relationship between two things the closer it is to 1, weaker is closer to zero. |
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Term
| Stratification of subjects helps experimenters.. |
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Definition
| How the break down their subjects by age, race,gender..) |
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Term
| Practice effect can help one.. |
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Definition
| improve performances after a certain amount of trials, thus they become more quicker and more accurate. |
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Term
| An analysis of data that shows or summarizes data in which patterns that might emerge from data can be described as..? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Ethical Principles established for experiments? |
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Definition
| Must obtain informed consent from one's research participants, protect them from harm, Treat participant information confidential, and fully debrief them on the experiment. |
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Term
| Who screens experiments to see if they meet ethical standards..? |
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Definition
| The Institutional Review Board (IRB) which are the safeguard the well being of every participant. |
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Term
| Components of the scientific attitude are..? |
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Definition
| Empirical approach, lets facts speak for themselves. Curious skepticism, ask doubting questions that sift reality from fantasy. Humility,An openness to surprise and new perspectives. |
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Term
| Who created the scientific method? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of observation technique do case studies use ? |
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Definition
| Use a technique in which one person is studies in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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Term
| How can one identify "Useful Theories" |
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Definition
| Theory organizes a range of self reports and observations, also implies clear predictions that anyone can use to check the theory. |
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Term
| What is the Placebo Effect? |
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Definition
| Experimental results caused by expectations alone because the recipient assumes there is an active agent. |
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Term
| Define surveys and how they are used..? |
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Definition
| A structured set of questions to gather information on a hypothesis. Used in selections processes so that the sample group can be chosen among a group of subjects. |
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Term
| Define Illusory Correlation..? |
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Definition
| The perception of a relationship where non exists. |
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Term
| Hindsight Bias is a tendency for what? |
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Definition
| A tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it. |
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