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UNIT 4/ Maternal & Child Nursing Care
Queens University/L&D/Marcia London et al ch. 23,24,25,26,27,30,32.
116
Nursing
Not Applicable
04/23/2012

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Term
Amount of fluid that remains in the passageway of a full-term newborn at birth
Definition
80-100 mL
Term
First Breath
Definition
Inspiratory gasp.
Term
Inspiratory gasp triggers...
Definition
Brain's respiratory center
Term
As air enters the lungs...
Definition
The 02 content rises in the alveoli and stimulates the relaxation of the pulmonary arteries.
Term
Events that precipitate closing of the Ductus Arteriosus and Foramen Ovale
Definition
Increased oxygenated pulmonary blood
Loss of placenta
Increased systemic blood flow
Term
Nonshivering thermogenesis
Definition
Occurs when skin receptors perceive a drop in environmental temperature.
Term
Shivering in a newborn
Definition
Metabolic rate doubles
Term
Primary source of heat in the newborn
Definition
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
Term
Convection Heat Loss
Definition
Loss of heat from the warm body surface to the cooler air currents.
Think: removal of baby from incubator; cool air blowing in room.
Term
Radiation Heat Loss
Definition
Loss of heat that occurs when heat is transferred from the heated body surface to cooler surfaces and objects NOT in direct contact with the body.
Think: Placing cold objects near the infant or isolette near a cold window
Term
Evaporation Heat Loss
Definition
Loss of heat incurred when water is converted to vapor.
Think: Happens immediately after birth when the baby is wet with amniotic fluid.
Term
Conduction Heat Loss
Definition
Loss of heat to a cooler surface by direct skin contact.
Think: Cold stethoscope, cool scales.
Preheat bed, instruments!
Term
Physiologic Jaundice
Definition
Caused by:
Accelerated destruction of fetal RBCs
Impaired conjugation of bilirubin
Increased bilirubin reabsorption from intestinal tract
Term
Reasons for increased amounts of bilirubin in the liver
Definition
Bruising with forceps or vacuum extraction
Increased blood volume from delayed cord clamping
Term
Reasons for impaired conjugation of bilirubin
Definition
Newborn doesn't take in enough calories
Mother may be breastfeeding
Defect in bilirubin excretion because of decreased GI motility
Term
Reasons for increased bilirubin reabsorption
Definition
Reduced bowel motility: intestinal obstruction or delayed passage of meconium
This causes increased circulation of bilirubin in enterohepatic pathways...higher bilirubin levels.
Term
Unsafe bilirubin levels even up to 6 days
Definition
15-16 may go to the lights to break down the bilirubin
Some doctors will let it go as high as 17-20
Above 20 - to the lights!
Term
First Period of Reactivity
Definition
Lasts approximately 30 minutes after birth (may extend up to 60 minutes after birth, p. 553, text)
Term
Characteristics of First Period of Reactivity
Definition
Newborn awake and active
Newborn appears hungry
Newborn has strong reflex
VS elevated
Perfect opportunity to start breastfeeding
Term
Period of Inactivity to Sleep Phase
Definition
After 30 minutes
Term
Characteristics of Inactivity to Sleep Phase
Definition
Newborn's activity gradually decreases
Heart rate and respiration rate decreases
Will be difficult to awaken
No interest in sucking
Term
Second period of reactivity
Definition
4-6 hours
Term
Characteristics of Second Period of Reactivity
Definition
Heart and respiratory rates increase
Possible apneic periods
Newborn passes meconium
Newborn roots, sucks, swallows
Term
Sleep states: what do you see and why are they so important?
Definition
Deep or quiet sleep AND REM sleep
Growth hormone secretion depends on regular sleep patterns
Term
Visual Ability of Newborn
Definition
Orientation: ability to be alert, follow and fixate on visual stimuli.
Prefers human face and bright shiny objects.
May follow stimulus from side to side.
Term
Auditory Ability of Newborn
Definition
Responds to auditory stimulation
Cardiac rate rises and startle reflex may be noted as newborn hears the sound.
LACK of auditory development is associated with an increased risk of SIDS
Term
Assessment of Newborn:
Temperature
Definition
Normal Range: 97.5-99.4
Term
Assessment of Newborn:
Heart Rate
Definition
Normal Range: 120-160
as low as 100 when sleeping
as high as 180 when crying
Assess for 1 full minute when NOT crying
Term
Assessment of Newborn:
Respiration
Definition
30-60 breaths per minute
Obligatory nose breathers...keep nose and mouth clear!
Term
Normal short periods of apnea: episodic breathing
Definition
Pause in breathing for less than 15 seconds
Term
True apnea
Definition
Pause in breathing for more than 20 seconds
Term
Assessment of Newborn:
Weight range
Definition
2500-4000 g (5lb 8oz-8lb 13oz)
Average: 3405 g (7 lb 8 oz)
Term
Physiologic Weight Loss in Newborns: Term Babies
Definition
5-10% in first few days, should be regained in 1-2 weeks
Large babies tend to lose more weight b/c of greater fluid loss
Term
Physiologic Weight Loss in Newborns: Preemies
Definition
up to 15% loss in first few days
Term
Newborn Assessment: Length Range
Definition
46-56 cm (18-22")
Average: 50 cm.
Term
Normal growth for first 6 months:
Weight
Length
Definition
Weight: 198 g. or 7 oz. per week (1 oz. per day)
Length: 2.5 cm. (1") per month
Term
Newborn Assessment: Head Circumference
Definition
32-37 cm. (12.5-14.5")
Should be approximately 2 cm. larger than chest circumference
Should be 1/4 of the body length
Term
Risks when baby's temperature drops
Definition
Baby may drop sugar level
Baby may go into respiratory distress
Term
Closure of Fontanelles
Anterior
Posterior
Definition
Anterior: closes by 18 months
Posterior: closes between 8-12 weeks
Both should be flat and NOT bulging.
Term
Cephalhematoma
Definition
Blood from ruptured vessels between the skull bone and the external covering (periosteum)
Does NOT cross suture line
Appears on 1st and 2nd day
Disappears in weeks to months
Does not increase in size when baby cries
Term
Caput Succedaneum
Definition
Swelling of soft tissue over the presenting part of the fetal head
Overlaps or crosses suture line
Long, difficult birth
Fluid is reabsorbed within 12 hours to days after delivery
Present at birth or shortly therafter
Boggy, edematous swelling
Term
Appearance of true eye color
Definition
Usually doesn't appear until 6 months of age
Term
Blocked tear ducts
Definition
In most babies. Will open around 2 months and baby will start to cry tears. Can use a warm compress to massage until then.
Term
2-cord vessel, what test will be done?
Definition
Renal ultrasound
Term
Erb-Duchenne Paralysis (Erb's Palsy)
Definition
Paralysis of arm and chest wall from a birth injury to the brachial plexus or 5th/6th cervical nerves
Term
Ortolani's Maneuver
Definition
Manual procedure performed to rule out congenital hip dysplasia (p. 583, text)
When infant's spine and knees are flexed and hips are abducted, a click is heard or felt.
Term
Milia
Definition
Baby acne.
Usually on nose/chin.
Tiny, white pustules from obstructed sebaceous glands
Leave it alone!
Term
Erythema toxicum
Definition
Eruption of lesions surrounding a hair follicle that are firm, vary in size from 1-3 mm and consist of a white or pale yellow papule or pustule with a red base.
Known as Newborn Rash or "Flea Bite" dermatitis
Term
Rooting Reflex
Definition
Turns head and open mouth to suck when one side of face is stroked.
Term
Sucking Reflex
Definition
When object is inserted into mouth, baby automatically begins to suck
Term
Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencer position)
Definition
With head turned to one side, arm and leg on that side of body will be in extension while extremities on the opposite side will be flexed.
Term
Palmar Grasp or Grasp Reflex
Definition
Pressure on palm elicits grasp
Term
Plantar Grasp
Definition
Pressure applied with finger against the ball of the infant's foot elicits curling of toes or "monkey toes"
Term
Moro Reflex
Definition
Sudden disturbance will startle the newborn
Flexion of the knees
Stiffening of the body
Arms in tense extension
Slowly the arms return to the chest as in an embrace.
Fingers spread to form a "C"
Term
Babinski Reflex
Definition
Stroking of the sole upward and across the ball of the foot elicits fanning and extension of the toes.
Term
Stepping Reflex
Definition
When held upright with one foot touching a flat surface the newborn will "step"
Term
Trunk Incurvature or Galant Reflex
Definition
Stroking the spine causes the pelvis to turn to that side
Term
Ballard: SGA
Definition
< 10 percentile
Term
Ballard: AGA
Definition
10-90 percentile
Term
Ballard: LGA
Definition
> 90 percentile
Term
Newborn Posture
Definition
Well-flexed with elbow, hip and knee joints at 90-degree angle
Term
Square Window Sign
Definition
Wrist- flex the newborn's hand toward the forearm until resistance is felt and then measure the angle.
90-degree = 28-32 weeks (preemie)
30-40-degree = 38-40 weeks (term)
0-degree angle = 40-42 weeks (term-postterm)
Term
Arm Recoil
Definition
Supine position
Elbows are flexed and held for 5 seconds, then extended at newborn's side. Term newborn will form an angle less than 90-degrees and recoil back to the flexed position.
Term
Popliteal Angle
Definition
Thigh is flexed on the abdomen and chest with one hand. Using the index finger of the other hand behind the ankle, try to extend the lower leg until resistance is felt. No resistance in immature infant up to an 80-degree angle in the term newborn.
Term
Scarf Sign
Definition
Draw an arm across the chest towards the opposite shoulder until resistance is felt; note the location of the elbow in relation to the midline of the chest. Preterm will cross the midline whereas a full-term's elbow will NOT cross the midline.
Term
Heel-to-Ear Extension
Definition
Gently draw the foot toward the ear on the same side until resistance is felt.
Knee may bend; hold the bottom down to avoid rolling the newborn. Preterm - leg will remain straight and foot will go to ear and beyond. Older babies will have increasing resistance to this maneuver.
Term
Breast inspection
Definition
Forefinger and middle finger to the breast area and measuring the tissue between them.
Term: 0.5-1 cm. (5-10mm)
GENTLY!
Term
Vitamin K injection.
Why is it needed?
Definition
Newborn lacks intestinal bacterial flora necessary for production of Vitamin K.
Prothrombin levels are low during first few days after birth.
Term
Site of Vitamin K Injection
Definition
Intramuscularly in the middle third of the vastus lateralis - lateral aspect of thigh OR
rectus femoris muscle in anterior aspect of thigh (BE CAREFUL here because of sciatic nerve and femoral artery!)
Term
Eye Treatment
Why?
What?
Definition
Gonorrhea prophylaxis
Erythromycin opthalmic ointment
This can be delayed for one hour for bonding.
Term
Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress
Definition
WETFROG
Wheezing
Effort
Tachypnea
Flaring
Retractions
Oxygenation
Grunting
Term
Dangerous glucose level for infant
Definition
< than 40 is dangerous.
The hospital likes it above 50.
Term
VS during the first 4 hours of life
Definition
Monitor every hour.
After first four hours, then monitor every 6-8 hours
Term
Breastfeeding Advantages (VAMPIRE)
Definition
V - vitamin provision for baby is greater
A - Attachment/bonding strengthened
M - Money savings (up to $3000)
P - Preparation NONE
I - Immunologic protection
R - Recommended by AAP
E - Easier digestion for infants
Term
3 Types of Formulas
Definition
Cow milk proteins
Soy protein-based
Specialized therapeutic formulas: the amino acids are already broken down in these.
Term
Postpartum Assessment: BUBBLE-HEB
Definition
Breasts
Uterus
Bladder
Bowel
Lochia
Episiotomy or perineal lacerations
Homan's sign
Emotional status
Bonding - eye contact, whole hand
Term
Lochia Stages in Order
Definition
Lochia rubra
Lochia serosa
Lochia alba
Term
Suppressing lactation in non-nursing mothers
Definition
Tight-fitting bra
Ice packs
Cabbage leaves- enzyme in this helps relieve engorgement
NO hot showers
Term
Breast care post-partum
Definition
No soap on nipples, leave a small amount of milk on them.
Redness or swelling can indicate infection: assess it!
Term
Breastfeeding Principles
Definition
Relaxed position for mom
Both breasts should be offered at each feeding.
Break suction with one finger, don't just pull off
Proper latch is with areola and nipple in mouth
Do not breastfeed by the clock
Usually 20-30 minutes on each side.
Term
Fundal Massage
Definition
1. Empty bladder
2. Lie flat on bed
3. Nurse places non-dominant hand on lower uterine segment (just above symphysis pubis)
4. Dominant hand gently palpates the top of fundus
Term
REEDA (check for this with wound healing/C-section)
Definition
R - redness
E - edema
E - ecchymosis
D - discharge/drainage
A - approximation
Term
Fundus - postpartum position
Definition
Position: 1 cm/finger-breadth above or even with umbilicus for the 1st 12 hours after delivery, then descent of 1 finger-breadth per day afterwards.
Day 10 - should be returning to pelvic organ
Term
Fundus - postpartum condition
Definition
Firm: Hard as a rock!
Midline of abdomen - if deviated, see if client needs to urinate.
Term
Boggy Uterus
Definition
Massage fundus.
Term
Postpartum bladder
Definition
Patient should void 6-8 hours after delivery.
Term
Postpartum diuresis
Definition
Lots of urinating, especially in women who had edema
Term
Lochia Rubra
Definition
Days 1-3
Bloody with fleshy odor
May contain clots
Term
Lochia Serosa
Definition
Days 4-9
Pink/brown with fleshy odor
Term
Lochia Alba
Definition
Days 10+
Yellow-white
Term
Psychosocial Adjustment
Taking In
Definition
1-2 days after delivery
Needy, dependent, talkative, passive
Term
Psychosocial Adjustment
Taking Hold
Definition
2-3 days after delivery
Moving from dependency to independence
Open to teaching and instructions
Term
Psychosocial Adjustment
Letting Go
Definition
5-6 weeks
Independent
New role
Adjustment to accommodate for infant
Term
Postpartum Blues
Definition
Transient depression
Usually 3-7 days postpartum and resolves by days 10-14
roller coaster emotions
Term
Maternal Attachment
Acquaintance Phase
Definition
Fingertip exploration
En face position
Responds verbally to sounds of infant
Term
Maternal Attachment
Mutual Regulation
Definition
Adjustment between needs of mother and needs of infant
Term
Maternal Attachment
Reciprocity
Definition
Mutually gratifying interaction among mother, baby, father
Term
Engrossment
Definition
Father-baby interaction
Sense of absorption
Preoccupation - interest in infant
Term
DIC
Definition
ability to send out clotting factors goes away...overstimulation of clotting and anti-clotting mechanisms.
Bleeding from puncture sites, mucus membranes
Term
Definition of postpartum hemorrhage
Definition
blood loss of greater than or equal to 500 mL with vaginal
blood loss of greater than or equal to 1000 mL with C/S
10 point drop in hematocrit
Term
Causes of hemorrhage
Definition
Uterine atony
Lacerations
Subinvolution
Uterine rupture
Uterine inversion
Term
Risk factors for Uterine Atony
Definition
Large baby, multiparity, multiple gestation
Retained placental fragments
Precipitous or prolonged labor
Low platelet count d/t PIH
Taking: Mag sulfate or Pitocin
Term
Uterus is firm and there is still bleeding...consider what?
Definition
Laceration
Term
Medications for Uterine Atony
Definition
Methergine (IM) - do not use with hypertensive patients
Oxytocin - IV
Term
Risk factors for lacerations
Definition
Forceps/vacuum
Precipitous labor
Term
Risk factors for DIC
Definition
PIH
Abruptio placentae
Prolonged intrauterine fetal demise
Excessive blood loss
Term
Postpartum infection
Definition
Any infection in the reproductive tract within 6 weeks of delivery.
Term
Thromboembolic disorders
Definition
Inflammation of a vein wall causes a thrombus
If it is attached firmly to vein wall, less likely to become an embolus.
More COMMON after C/S
Term
Factors contributing to thromboembolic disorders
Definition
Increased amount of clotting factors in blood
Stickier platelets after delivery
Release of thromboplastin substances from placenta and fetal membranes
Term
Predisposing factors for Thromboembolic Disorders
Definition
Advanced maternal age
Obesity
High parity
Cigarettes
Hypothermia
Varicosities
DVT history
Term
Types of Thromboembolic Disorders
Definition
Thrombophlebitis (more common)
DVT
Septic-pelvic thrombophlebitis - in conjunction with infections of reproductive tract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) usually fatal within 30 minutes
Term
Assessment for Thromboembolic Disorders
Definition
Homan's sign
Peripheral pulses
Abdominal or flank pain
Is there tenderness, redness or warmth on calf?
Term
Postpartum Depression
Definition
7-30% of women
4th week up to a year postpartum
more severe in first-time moms
Term
Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression
Definition
Any history of depression
Primiparity
Lack of social support
Term
Treatment for Postpartum Depression
Definition
Meds (SSRIs)
Drug of choice: Zoloft (sertraline)
Next: Paxil
Last: Prozac (may have to stop breastfeeding)
Term
Assessment Tool for Postpartum Depression
Definition
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Score that is greater than 12-13 indicates that the woman is suffering from some depression.
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