Term
| List the 3 Components of a nucleotide: |
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Definition
| nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate |
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Term
| The backbone of DNA or RNA is made up of alternating _____ and ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleotides are paired together in DNA. This pairing involved _____ bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
List the pairs for DNA
a. A
b. T
c. C
d. G |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False. Each new double helix has 1 old and 1 new strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| An enzyme called DNA ______ links nucleotides together. |
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Definition
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Term
| The flow of genetic information is ____ to ____ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from ____ to ____. Translation is the transfer of genetic information from ____ to ____. |
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Definition
| DNA to RNA, RNA to protein |
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Term
| A codon is a ____ nucleotide sequence in (DNA or mRNA) that specifies a particular amino acid or stop codon of a polypeptide. |
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Definition
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Term
| Promoters are sequences on (DNA or mRNA). They instruct the RNA polymerase where to (start or stop). |
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Definition
| To begin transcribing a gene, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at a region called the promoter. Basically, the promoter tells the polymerase where to "sit down" on the DNA and begin transcribing. |
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Term
| Where do transcription and translation occur in your cells? |
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Definition
| Transcription takes place inside the nucleus, where the DNA of a cell is stored. Translation always occurs inside cytoplasm, whether it is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. |
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Term
| Where do transcription and translation occur in Staphylococcus (bacterial) cells? |
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Definition
| In bacteria, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm of the cell, whereas in eukaryotes transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| True or False. Amino acids bind directly to the mRNA. |
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Definition
| FALSE: The codons in an mRNA molecule do not directly recognize the amino acids they specify: the group of three nucleotides does not, for example, bind directly to the amino acid. |
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Term
| An anticodon is on (mRNA or tRNA). |
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Definition
| Anticodons are found on molecules of tRNA. |
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Term
| Give an example of incomplete dominance. |
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Definition
| The child of parents each with curly hair and straight hair will always have wavy hair. Carriers of Tay-Sachs disease exhibit incomplete dominance. |
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Term
| What is the expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is pleiotropy different from polygenic inheritance? |
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Definition
| pleiotropy is when one gene affects multiple characteristics (e.g. Marfan syndrome) and polygenic inheritance is when one trait is controlled by multiple genes (e.g. skin pigmentation). |
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Term
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Definition
| When genes are close together on the same chromosome, they are said to be linked. That means the alleles, or gene versions, already together on one chromosome will be inherited as a unit more frequently than not. |
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Term
| Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women. Why is this the case? |
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Definition
| A male with a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome is typically affected with the condition. Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome, X-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. |
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Term
| Where do replication, transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm alongside translation. Prokaryotic transcription and translation can occur simultaneously. This is impossible in eukaryotes, where transcription occurs in a membrane-bound nucleus while translation occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| What are introns and exons? |
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Definition
| Introns are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein. The sections of DNA (or RNA) that code for proteins are called exons. |
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Term
| Name 2 ways in which RNA may be modified. |
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Definition
| the insertion, deletion, and base substitution of nucleotides within the RNA molecule. |
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Term
| What are the A, P and E sites with regard to translation? |
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Definition
| an amino acid site (A), a polypeptide site (P), and an exit site (E). |
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Term
| What is a monohybrid vs dihybrid cross? |
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Definition
| A monohybrid cross is defined as the cross happening in the F1 generation offspring of parents differing in one trait only. A dihybrid cross is a cross happens F1 generation offspring of differing in two traits. |
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Term
| Explain how you would do a testcross to determine if your pet is heterozygous or homozygous for a dominant allele. |
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Definition
| The organism in question is crossed with an organism that is homozygous for the recessive trait, and the offspring of the test cross are examined. |
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Term
| What is a frameshift mutation? |
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Definition
| Type of mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in which the number of deleted base pairs is not divisible by three. |
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Term
| How does a codon differ from an anticodon? |
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Definition
| Codons are trinucleotide units that present in mRNA and codes for a particular amino acid in protein synthesis. Anticodon is trinucleotide units that present in tRNA. It is complementary to the codons in mRNA. |
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Term
| Are promoters on DNA or RNA? |
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Definition
| Promoter sequences are DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. Promoter sequences are typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site. |
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Term
| How does DNA differ from RNA? |
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Definition
| RNA is different from DNA is three ways: (1) the sugar in RNA is ribose not deoxyribose; (2) RNA is generally single-stranded and not double-stranded; and (3) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. |
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Term
| What are the different types of RNA and what are their functions? |
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Definition
| mRNA - carries the protein blueprint from a cell's DNA to its ribosomes, which are the "machines" that drive protein synthesis. tRNA - helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule. rRNA - is the RNA component of ribosomes, the molecular machines that catalyze protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA constitute over sixty percent of the ribosome by weight and are crucial for all its functions – from binding to mRNA and recruiting tRNA to catalyzing the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids. |
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