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| Artic National Wildlife Refuge, area setaside mainly to protect wildlife the size of south carolina, |
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| Highly combustable substances formed from the remains of organisms from past geological ages. |
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| secondary form of energy that is easier to trafer over long distances and apply to variety of uses. |
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Aerobic decomposition is in the presence of air.
Anaerobic decomposition is with little or no oxygen. |
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| expresses the difference between energy returned and energy invested. |
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| energy returned on investment. |
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| organic matter that was compressed under high pressure to form dense, solid carbon strutures. |
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| shafts are dug deep into the ground, and networks of tunnels are dug or blasted out to follow coal seams. |
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| heavy machinery removes huge amounts of earth to expose and extract the coal. |
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| Strip mining operations that have occured in large scales, in some cases entire mountaintops are lopped off. |
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| consist of primarily of methane, CH4, and typically includes varying amounts of other volatile hydrocarbons. |
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| Mixture of hundreds of different types of hydrocarbon molecules characterized by carbon chains of different lengths. |
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| the initial drilling and pumping of available oil. |
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| solvents are used or underground rocks are flushed with water or steam to remove additional oil. |
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| point of maximum production of petroleum in the worlds, or nation, after which oil production declines. |
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| are deposits of moist sand and clay containing 1-20% bitumen, a thick and heavy form of petroleum that is rich in carbon and poor in hydrogen. |
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| is sedimentary rock filled with kerogen and can be processed to produce liquid petroleum. |
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| solid consisting of molecules of methane within a crystal lattice of water ice molecules occurs underground in some artic locations and more widely under the seafloor on the continental shelves. |
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| occurs when sulfide minerals in newly exposed rock surfaces react with oxygen and rainwater produce sulfuric acid. |
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| practice of reduciong energy use to extend the lifetimes of our nonrenewable energy supplies, to be less wasteful, and to reduce our environmental impact. |
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| the energy that holds together prtons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom. |
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| the splitting apart of atomic nuclei. |
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| plant in pennsyvalnia where in 1979 the U.S experiences it most serious nuclear power plant accident. |
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| combination of mechanical failure, human error, coolant water drained from the reactor vessel, temperatures rose inside the reactor core, and metal surronding the uranium fuel rods began to melt, realeasing radiation. |
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| plant in Ukraine experianced the most severe power plant accident the world has yet seen. |
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| remote part of Nevada desert where await development as the central site of nuclear waste for the U.S. |
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| it is harness from many types of plant matter, including wood, matter of agricultural crops, and combustible animal waste. |
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| biomass sourced converted into fuel primarily to power automobiles. |
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| use of kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity. |
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| "New" renewable energy sources |
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| energy from the sun, wind, earth's geothermal energy, and movement of ocean water. they are not used in a wide scale in modern society, and they are mostly likely going to become a larger role in the future. |
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| makes use of technological devices to focus, move, and store solar energy. |
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| most common way to harness solar energy, building are designed to maximize direct absorption of sunlight. |
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| we can harness it by using wind turbines that convert wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. |
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| Not in my backyard. The feeling of the people when it comes to wind turbines because they dont want to see it in their properties. |
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| energy that is generated deep within the earth. |
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| the different forms of energy that we are able to get from the ocean. Three are from the motion of the water while one is from the temperature. |
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| Ocean thermal energy conversion is beased in gradient in temperature. |
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| atoms of hydrogen are first stripped of their electrons, the electrons move from a negative electrode to a positive one, creating a current and generating electricity. |
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| Is when pesticides or runoff from farms get into the water causing there to be a depletion of oxygen in the water. |
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| pathogens and waterborne pollution |
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| disease causing organisms can enter drinking water when there are contaminated with human waste from inadequate treated sewage or with animal waste from feedlots. |
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| are chemicals from our own making like pesticides, petroleum products, and other synthetic chemicals. |
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| this can be transported in the river and can impair aquatic ecosystems. |
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| when we heat up the water because we use use it for our needs it makes so that that the water is able to hold less oxygen. |
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| discrete locations, like factories, or sewer pipes. |
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| non point source pollution |
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| pollution arises in multiple places over large areas, such as farms, city streets, and residential neighborhoods. |
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| water pollution control act (1972) |
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Definition
| make it illegal to discharge pollution from a point source without a permit, set standards for industrial wastewater, and funded construction of sewage treatment plants. |
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| this adresses point source pollution but leaves much non point source unregulated making it very dangerous. |
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| refers to water that has been used by humans in some way. |
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| Primary wastewater treatment |
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Definition
| the physical removal of contaminants in settling tanks or clarifiers, generally removes about 60% of suspended solids from wastewater. |
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| secondary wastewater treatment |
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Definition
| water is stirred and aerated so that aerobic bacteria degrade organic pollutants. roughly 90% of suspended solid pollutants are remove after this step. |
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| when the water after secondary treatment is treated with chlrine and sometimes ultraviolet light to kill bacteria. |
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Definition
| when the solid material that was gathered in the treatment process is digested and decompose by microorganisms it is the end result. |
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| is nonliquid waste that comes from homes, institutions, and small businesses. |
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| includes waste from production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture, and petroleum extraction and refining. |
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| refers to solid or liquid waste that is toxic, chemically reactive, flammable, or corrosive. |
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| minimizing amount of waste we generate. recovering waste materials and finding ways to recycle them. disposing of waste safely and effectively. |
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| the flow of waste as it moves from its sources toward disposal destinations. |
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Definition
| waste is buried in ground or pilled up in large carefully engineered mounds. |
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| Resource Conversation and Recovery Act (RCRA) |
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Definition
set national standards that all sanitary landfills have to follow.
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| liquid that results when susbtances from the trash dissolve in water as rainwater percolates downward. |
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| when the trash in landfills is burned before it is buried. |
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| facilities that use the heat of combustion to generate electricity. |
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| reducing the amount of material entering the waste stream. |
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| Material Recovery facilities (MRFs) |
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Definition
| where workers and machines sort items using automated processes to separate items by size and weight. |
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| seeks to redesign industrial systems to reduce resource inputs and minimize physical inefficiency while maximizing economic efficiency. |
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| examining the entire life cycle of a product from its orgins tothrough manufacturing, to disposal, and look for ways to make the process more ecologically efficient. |
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| Electronic waste (E-Waste) |
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Definition
| when materials like computers, cell phones, fax machines, and etc are thrown away they create this. |
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| shallow depressions lined with plastic and an impervious material, such as clay. |
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| a well is drilled deep beneath the water table into porous rock, and wastes are injected into it. |
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| Comprehensive Environmental Resource, Compensation and Liabilities Act (CERCLA) |
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| established a federal program to clean up U.S sites polluted with hazardous waste from past activites. |
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| identifies sites polluted with hazardous chemicals, take action to protect groundwater near these sites, and clean up the pollution. |
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| a residential neighborhood in Niagara falls,where families were evacuated after toxic chemicals buried by companies and the city over past decades rose to the surface, contaminating homes and an elementary school. |
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| science that examines the effects of poisonous substances on humans and other organisms. |
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| they are found all around us in our daily lives, and thousands have been manufactured. |
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| it brough the pesticide dichlloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) to the attention of the public. |
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| are chemicals or types of radiation that cause cancer. |
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| chemicals that cause mutations in DNA of organisms. |
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| chemicals that cause harm to the unborn. |
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| overactivate the immune system, causing it to respond when not needed. |
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| chemicals that attck the nervous system. |
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| toxicants that interfere with the endocrine disreptors, or hormone system. |
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| it is used in plastics to make them unbreakable. |
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| toxics that build up in an animal. |
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| are a class of organic compounds they are used for many things, a concern about them is when burned they realized the toxin dioxin. |
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