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Definition
| the science of how and why people change over time, from conception to death |
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| Identical twins become less similar over time |
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| some facets of development seem to be constant across cultures |
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| environments can affect developmental processes. |
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| cells that are capable of differentiating into any other cell. |
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| substance or condition that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities. Includes drugs, pollutants, radiation, diseases, malnutrition, extreme stress |
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| FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) |
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Definition
| associated with consumption of large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy. |
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Definition
substance once used to treat morning sickness
*led to many children being born with malformed arms and legs |
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| some teratogens are virtually harmless until a particular threshold, when they become damaging |
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Definition
| From birth to age 2, there is a 5x increase in density of dendrites in the cortex |
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Definition
process in which axons become
coated with myelin, which speeds neural impulses. Proceeds quickly from six months after conception to age 4, and continues into adolescence. |
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| Neurons that fire are preserved and strengthened, those that don’t are pruned |
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| the idea that the amount of something (e.g. number, volume) stays constant even if it undergoes a change in appearance. |
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| when a baby realizes that things still exist when they’re out of sight. |
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| These studies in general show that young children have an _____________, or an idea of how objects should behave |
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| Piaget used the three mountains task to test if children are able to understand the viewpoint of someone else (__________). |
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Definition
| the idea that other people might have different thoughts or beliefs. |
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Definition
| Vygotsky though children were “apprentices in thinking,” since learning is directed by other, often more skilled individuals through ________ ___________. |
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| Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s term for skills a person is not quite able to do on his or her own, but can with assistance |
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| support provided to children while they learn new skills (e.g. pointing things out, explaining, listening |
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| emotional bond between infant and caregiver (associated with John Bowlby). |
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| characteristic ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling |
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Definition
| reasons why other people behave the way they do |
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| dispositional attribution |
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Definition
| a reason for behavior based on fundamental qualities of a person. |
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Definition
| a reason for behavior based on a person’s circumstances. |
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| fundamental attribution error (FAE) |
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Definition
| people tend to ignore situational variables when considering the behavior of others |
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Definition
| we tend to view our own successes as products of our dispositional variables, but view our failures as products of situational variables. |
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| Dunning-Kruger Effect aka illusory superiority. |
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Definition
| people of low ability on a given task often overestimate their competence compared with others. Can lead to inflated confidence. |
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Definition
| people of high ability often underestimate their competence compared with others and attribute successes to luck. Can lead to deflated confidence. |
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| we tend to think that people “get what they deserve” (e.g. people who lose their job or get sick) even if this is not the case. |
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| rules for conduct in social situations. Can vary by culture or group. |
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| matching behavior to the social norms of a group. Helps to prevent rejection by the group. |
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Definition
| obeying the request of another person when they don’t have any direct authority over you. Commonly used in sales techniques. |
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Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
| greater compliance for a small request when it’s preceded by a large request. |
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| food-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| once a person has agreed to a small request, it is easier to get them to agree to a larger request. |
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Definition
| obeying the request of a person who has authority (e.g. police officer, teacher). |
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| an act that leads to gains to a recipient, and no gain or harm to an actor. |
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| individuals who trade favors will be better off than those who don’t cooperate with anyone. |
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| the likelihood of a person helping another decreases as the number of bystanders increases. |
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| deliberate attempt to harm others. |
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| many individuals have more than 1 disorder. This makes coming up with an absolute number of people with disorders difficult. |
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| evidence from controlled scientific experiments when treating patients. |
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Definition
| patients discuss their issues with a trained professional in an attempt to lessen symptoms of psychological disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses drug therapy or brain manipulations to treat disorders. |
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Term
| behavior therapy and applied behavior analysis (ABA) |
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Definition
uses classical and operant conditioning to help change behaviors.
&
examines observable behavior and uses conditioning techniques to change it. |
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Term
| cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| combining ABA treatment with cognitive therapies. |
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| negative emotional state due to events that are perceived as bad or dangerous. |
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| hormone released into the blood by the adrenal glands in response to a threat. |
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| type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. |
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Definition
| Difficult to define (and different for every person), but in general, it relates to experiencing positive emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
Happiness is relative. A new bike/phone/car/
house can make us happy for a little while, but then we get used to it and return to our baseline level of happiness (_______________________). |
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Definition
| predicting how we will feel in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| we tend to overestimate the intensity and duration of future emotions. |
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