Term
| Process by which a beam of radiation is reduced in energy when passing through tissue or other materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process by which images are produced with uniform brightness and contrast, regardless of the amount of exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of light emitted from a flat screen monitor |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cassette or cassette-based digital radiography; the digital acquisition modality that uses storage phosphor plates to produce images |
|
Definition
| Computed Radiography (CR) |
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|
Term
| difference between adjacent densities on a radiographic image |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| degree of darkening or blackness of exposed and processed photographic or radiographic film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cassette or cassette-less image receptor systems that convert x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal for manipulation and display |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| devices that convert incident x-ray energy directly into an electrical signal, typically using a photoconductor as the x-ray absorber and a thin film transistor as the signal collection area, which then sends the electrical signal to the computer for processing and viewing |
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Definition
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Term
| misrepresentation of the true size or shape of an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a numeric representation of the quantity of exposure received by a digital image receptor |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the range of exposures that can be used an still result in the capture of a diagnostic quality image |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| indesireable exposure to the image receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| device consisting of thin lead strips designed to permit primary radiation to pass while reducing scatter radiation by absorption |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of filtration necessary to reduce the intensity of the radiation beam to one half its original value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medium used to capture the image for recording, such as x-ray film or digital imaging plate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| devices that absorb xrays and convert them into light, the light is then detected by an area charge coupled dvice or thin film transistor array in concert with photodiodes, and then converted into an electrical signal that is sent to the computer for processing and viewing |
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Definition
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Term
| layer of luminescent crystals placed inside a cassette to expose xray film efficiently and thereby significantly reduce patient dose |
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Definition
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Term
| mathematic formula that describes the relationship between radiation intensity and distance from the source of the radiation |
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Definition
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Term
| measure of the potential difference, which controls the quality and quantity of xray photons produced in the xray tube |
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Definition
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|
Term
| invisible image created after exposure but before processing |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| measurement of milliamperage multiplied by the exposure time in seconds, which controls the total quantity of x-ray photons produced in the x-ray tube |
|
Definition
| Milliampere-Seconds (mAs) |
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|
Term
| ability of an x-ray beam to pass through an object;controlled by the kVp of the beam |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| fuzzy edge of an object as imaged radiographically |
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Definition
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|
Term
| quantum or particle of radiant energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| x-ray beam after it leaves the xray tube and before itreaches the object |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| permitting the passage of x-rays or other forms of energy with little attenuation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| not easily penetrable by x-rays or other forms of radiant energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| representation of an object's true edges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relative measurement of the speed of a radiographic film and intensifying screen system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radiation resulting after the x-ray beam exits the object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a measurement of the recorded detail on a radiograph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the distance between the source of the x-rays )usually the focal spot of the x-ray tube) and the image receptor |
|
Definition
| source to image distance (SID) |
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|
Term
| radiation produced from x-ray photon interactions with matter in such a way that the resulting photons have continued in a different direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true edge of an object as imaged radiographically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| image manipulation parameter that changes image brightness on the display monitor, usually through the use of a mouse or trackball |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| image manipulation parameter that changes image contrast on the display monitor, usually through the use of a mouse or trackball |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive electrode of the x-ray |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grid that is an integral part of the x-ray table, located below the tabletop and above a cassette tray; decreases the amount of scatter radiation reaching the image receptor, which increases contrast; moves during exposure so that no grid lines appear on the image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light-proof holder for the image receptor; in computed radiography, the cassette holds the reusable photostimulable phosphor imaging plate; in conventional film screen radiography, the cassette contains intensifying screens and a sheet of film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negative electrode of the x-ray tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diaphragm or system of diaphragms made of an absorbing material; designed to define the dimensions and direction of a beam of radiation device consisting of four rectilinear radiopaque blades that are adjustable to control xray field size and shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acquisition of static images in an electronic fashion; conversion of images to a digital format for image manipulation, enchancement, storage, and networking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of digital detector employing amorphous silicon or selenium detector material, bonded with thin-film transistor technology for digital image creation and amplification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| device used for dynamic radiographic examinations; usually consists of an xray tube situated underneath the xray table and an electronic image detector situated over the xray table |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a radiographic image created on a polyester film medium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| invisible image created after xray exposure and before imaging processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lenght wise; along the long axis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acronym for picture archival and communication system in medicine; computer network for the transmission, viewing, and archival storage of medical images; often integrated into a larger hospital information system (HIS) and radiology information system (RIS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive beam limitation; a form of xray beam collimation of field size that ensures the xray exposure field is no larger than the receptor size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a special type of glass that can withstand very high temperatures from the xray tube anode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describes a material that easily transmits xray energy with very little absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| images in which dynamic patient motion is visualized instantly as fluoroscopic imaging is occurring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all radiation exiting the patient during exposure and ultimately striking the receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the visualization of x-ray images using a television monitor for display and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| equipment that permits the acquisition of static images during a dynamic fluoroscopic examination; images are recorded digitally and stored electronically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrical wire connection between a digital detector and the xray generator and computer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| placed crosswise; situated at right angles to the long axis of a part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a table tilt angle in which the patient's head and thorax are lower than his or her legs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pivoting the tube at the point where it is attached to its support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| perpendicular to the plane of the horizon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| device that produces xrays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| equipment consisting of the xray tube, collimator, and operator controls; permits manipulation of xray tube in many directions for proper positioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mnemonic meaning to keep all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unit of radioactivity in the international system of units, equal to one disintegration per second |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interaction with matter in whicha low energy photon is absorbed and released with its same energy, frequency, and wavelength but with a change of direction |
|
Definition
| classic coherent scattering |
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|
Term
| interaction with matter in which a higher energy photon strikes a loosely bound outer electron, removing it from its shell and the remaining energy is released as a scattered photon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unit of radioactivity defined as the quantity of any radioactive nueclide in which the number of disintregrations per seconds is 3.7 x 10^10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells of an organism whos function is to reproduce the organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unit in the international system used to measure the amount of energy absorbed in any medium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| system of units based on metric measurement developed in 1948 and having units used to measure radiation |
|
Definition
| international system (SI) of Units |
|
|
Term
| units of energy equal to 1000 electron volts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interaction between matter and a photon posessing a minumum of 1.02 mmillion electron volts of energy producing two oppositely charged particles, a positron and a negatron |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| direct interaction with the nucleus of the atom, causing a state of excitement within the nucleus, followed by the emission of a nuclear fragment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interaction with matter in which a photon strikes an inner shell electron, causing its ejection from orbit with the complete absorption of the photon's energy |
|
Definition
| photoelectric interaction |
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|
Term
| forms of energy emitted and transferred through matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unit used to measure the amount of energy absorbed in any medium; equal to 100 ergs of energy absorbed in 1 g of material |
|
Definition
| radiation absorbed dose (rad) |
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|
Term
| unit of dose equivalence; equal to the product of absorbed dose in rad and a quality factor |
|
Definition
| Radiation Equivalent Man (rem) |
|
|
Term
| a nut of exposure in air; that quantity of x-radiation or gamma radiation that produces the quantity 2.08 x 10^9 ion pairs per cubic centimeter of air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unit in the international system used to measure the does equivalence, or biologic effectiveness, of differing radiations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all of the body's cells except germ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a form of electromagnetic radiation traveling at the speed of light, with the ability to penetrate matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 requirements or x-ray production |
|
Definition
| Vacuum. Source of Electrons (e-). Method to accelerate electrons. Method to stop electrons. |
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|
Term
| A vacuum is the x-ray tube housing. It removes all of the air gas to molecules will _____ ___________ _____ ______ ________ _____ _______. |
|
Definition
| not interfere with the production of x-rays |
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|
Term
| Only ____% of the production is actually radiation. the remaining _____% is heat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A source of Electrons is the second requirement. It's in the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The x-ray rube contains a little piece of coiled wire made of ___________ contained inside of the _____________ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vacuum and the source of electrons are produced by the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The third requirement is a method to accelerate the electrons rapidly. We use ___________ to accelerate electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We do not work in volts but rather in _____________(thousands), also known as ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
kV stands for _____________.
kVp stands for_______________. |
|
Definition
kilovoltage
kilovoltage peak |
|
|
Term
| The fourth requirement is a method to stop the electrons. When the electrons hit the ________ or _________, they are stopped suddenly, (bremstrahlung) producing ________________. |
|
Definition
| target or anode, radiation photons |
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|
Term
| When electrons hit the anode (target), they are changed to radiation photos. Before these photons reach the patient's body they're called __________________ or ________________. |
|
Definition
| primary beam or primary radiation |
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|
Term
| As the photons go through various materials, they are lessened/weakened or _____________________. The radiation is partially absorbed by the patient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The radiation that is able to exit the patient is called ________ ________. |
|
Definition
| remnant radiation (leftover radiation) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some __________ interact with the body's matter ad then travel in a different direction. These photons may or may not reach the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An IR _________ the xray photons that exit the patient. This type of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ radiation does not carry useful information and is also known as non diagnostic radiation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the special film that is especially sensitive to x-radiation and certain colors of light radiation is used to capture the energy message and convert it to an image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the energy strkes the film, it must be _________ before the image can be seen, much like photographic film must be processed before images can be viewed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The invisible image before the film is processed is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the latent image is created when the radiation photons strike the film __________, causing a transfer of energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the piece of film with a processed image is called a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| years ago, each piece of information on the radiograph was put there by an x-ray _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on the image receptor, certain crystals were discovered to emit light, or _______________ when struck by x-ray photons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changing the emulsion of the radiographic film to be sensitive to the color of light emitted by a particular crystal results in ____________ amounts of x-radiation to produce an image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polyester coated with luminescent ________(or thin layers of cardboard with the same coating) are called ______________. These screens are mounted _________ the cassette, usually on both sides of the cassette. |
|
Definition
| crystals, intensifying screens, inside |
|
|
Term
| More than ____% of the effect on the film is due to ________, with the remaining due to ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When photons or light ______ the crystals, it causes a rearrangement of electrons. This produces a _________ image. We then need to __________ our image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four steps in processing the film? |
|
Definition
1. Developing
2. Fixing
3. Washing
4. Drying |
|
|
Term
| Automatic processing uses a series of _______, that carry the film through the developer, fixer, and wash tanks and then through the dryer compartment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________________ direction controls the radiographic quality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exposure factors under the control of the radiographer are referred to as ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 3 prime factors for technique. what are they? |
|
Definition
Milliamperage (mAs)
Kilovoltage peak (kVp)
Source (to) Image Receptor Distance (SID) |
|
|
Term
| Milliamperage abbreviation is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milliamperage is the measure of electrical _________ passing through the xray tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The measure of electrical current passing through the xray tube is milliamperage. This is the __________ of radiation produced by the xray tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milliamperage is the _____________ of xray photons produced, therefore how many reach the IR, which means the denseness of the radiograph. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When we take the amount/quantity of x-ray beams over a specific period of time, it is referred to as _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kilovoltage is a measure of __________________, forcing the current through the tube. This controls the __________ ___________ of the xray beam. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Source-Image Receptor Distance |
|
|
Term
| SID is a ____________ distance between the xray tube and image receptor. It affects the _____________ of the radiation as it reaches the patient and the IR. It also affects to ___________ properties of the image. |
|
Definition
| standardized, intensity, geometric |
|
|
Term
| The more quantity photons that hit the IR, the more _______ will be on the film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The blackness of the film is the films ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As mAs increases, density will proportionately _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kVp controls the characteristics of the _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the higer the kVp, the ___________ chance that the radiation will ___________ the patient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability to penetrate is the primary factor in __________. That means, how much black to white there is on the image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kV DOES affect the density of the film, but the relationship is ______ proportional. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a ____% increase in kVp will double the density on the film. A 15% decrease in kVp will _________ the density on the film by _____________.
This is called the ________ rule.
This relationship is direct but not __________. |
|
Definition
| 15, decrease, half, 15% rule, proportional |
|
|
Term
| When kVp is low, ________ radiation is absorbed by the patient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the kVp is high, ________ radiation will be absorbed by the tissue but more _________ and ___________ radiation will be produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast is the __________ factor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two types of contrast to consider. What are they? |
|
Definition
| image and subject contrast. |
|
|
Term
| The higher the ______ ______ the whiter the object appears on the radiograph. This is all called ____________. |
|
Definition
| atomic number, attenuation |
|
|
Term
| A high contrast film has a _______ scale and ________ kV. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Low contrast image has a ________ scale and a ______ kV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is SID, which is the distance from the tube to the ________. OID is __________. |
|
Definition
| Object Image Receptor Distance |
|
|
Term
What are the two standardized SIDs?
What are these standardized set points on the equipment called? |
|
Definition
| 40 inches and 72 inches, detents |
|
|
Term
| x-rays ___________ intensity with distance....less blackness reaches the film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As distance _________, density ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SID relationship is inverse and proportional by the ______________. This is called the __________ ________ law. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With image properties, photographic properties is defined as the visibility of ___________. This is the quality or quantity factor of the radiographic image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geometric properties are the ____________ of structural details. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the amount of blackness on the film (quantity) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measurable difference between two adjacent densities is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the speed of the screen increases, more _______ is given off. As more light is given off, less x-radiation is needed to produce __________ on the film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary controlling factor in image contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inherent in the film's manufacturing process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used for ANY body part thicker than 9cm? |
|
Definition
| Bucky or Grid (same thing) |
|
|
Term
| What is non useful density that diminishes the contrast or visibility of detail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| device between patient and IR that absorbs scatter radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geometric properties - the ______________ of structural details |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________________ - the distinctness or sharpness of each individual line contributing to the total image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the (size and shape) that is any misrepresentation of the size and shape of anatomical structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________- When the patient moves during the exposure the resultant image is blurred. The blurring affect is a "spreading" of the boarders of the image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As motion increases, recorded detail ____________. This is an ___________ relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Film Screen Contact - if there is a gap between the intensifying screen and the film, the _________ emitted by the screen spreads before it reaches the ___________. This causes the borders of the images to "spread." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ - As this decreases the resultant image is magnified. Magnification spreads the image borders, resulting in a decrease in image sharpness. This means, that as SID decreases, recorded detail ______________. This is a __________ relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intensifying Screen is the screen that's made up on individual ____________. As the phosphor crystal size increases, the speed of the screen ______________. As the size of the crystals increases, the spread of the image borders ____________. Therefore, as the speed of the screen increases, recorded detail ______________. this is an _______________. relationship |
|
Definition
| crystals, increases, increases, increases, decreases, inverse |
|
|
Term
| Object Image Receptor Distance - as the part/object is moved farther from the image receptor, the image becomes ______________. Magnification "spreads" the borders, resulting in a __________ of image receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As OID increases, recorded detail ___________. This is an ___________ relationship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focal Spot Size - This affects the _______________ of the beam.This means as the focal spot size (or focus) decreases, there is ______ "spread" of image borders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the focal spot size decreases, recorded detail ________________. This is a(n) __________ relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OID - as OID increases, the anatomical part becomes_______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As OID increases, distortion ____________. (direct relationship) In other words, as OID increases, recorded detail _______________. This is a(n) inverse relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As SID decreases, the anatomical part is magnified; that is, size distortion ________________. This is an inverse relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As SID increases, recorded detail _____________. This is a direct relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central Ray - _______ - film alignment - (shape) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tungsten coil that boils off electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A target with a beveled edge; it spins to dissipate heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After electrons strike the target, only 1 percent of the production is actually radiation; the remaining 99 percent is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the cathode end, this piece helps to concentrate/aim the electrons before they are accelerated toward the target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are necessary for the production of xradiation |
|
Definition
| vacuum, source of electrons, method to accelerate the elctrons, and the method to stop electrons |
|
|
Term
| invisible image, before the film is processed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| piece of film with a processed image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It's when crystals emit light (after being struck by x-ray photons) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| made of plastic or polyester;coated with crystals, mounted inside the cassette |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the faster the system, the lower the patient dose, but recorded detail also decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| directly controls the radiographic quality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measure of electrical current passing through the x-ray tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls the penetrating ability of the xray beam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increases proportionately to mAs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are the four steps in processing a film in order |
|
Definition
| developing, fixing, washing, drying |
|
|
Term
| states that the intensity of a beam of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if other techincal factors stay the same, increasing the kVp by 15 percent will do this |
|
Definition
| double the density on the film |
|
|
Term
| at 5 feet from the radiographic table, the intensity of the radiation received is 20mR; this would be the intensity of the radiation received at 2.5 feet from the table |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pregnan occupational worker's gestational limit for the unborn child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreases patient exposure, but lengthens the scale of contrast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hangs between the collimator and the patient, shielding a portion of the radiation field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radiation affects on the individual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limit radiation exposure to the first 10 days after menses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 best defenses against radiation exposure |
|
Definition
| distance, time, and shielding |
|
|
Term
| measurable differences between two adjacent densities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the quantity factor (blackness) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| creates a useless density (fog) on the film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| magnification is an example of this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| affects the divergence of the beam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effective absorbed dose annual limit for occupational workers |
|
Definition
|
|
