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| the min stimualtion needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. |
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| The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
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| getting used to a constant stimulation |
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| created when one set of cones "burn-out" and another color replaces them |
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| located in the inner ear and contains fluids that help with both hearing and balance |
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| the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because no receptor cells are located there |
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| analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brains intergration of senesory information |
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| a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
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| Inhibility to percieve certain colors |
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| hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
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| receptor cells that concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-light conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
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| The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We expierence the difference threshold as a just noticable |
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| A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulis, such as shape, angle, or movement |
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| the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
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| the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
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| In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch |
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| The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. |
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| the dimension of color that is determined by the wave length of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth |
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| the innermost part of the ear conatining the cochlea, semiciruclar canals, and vestibular sacs |
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| the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we percive as brightness or loundness, as determined by the waves amplitude. |
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| A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening |
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| the system for sensing the position and movement or indiviual body parts |
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| the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes chape top help focus images of the retina |
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| an inner ear disorder that effects balance and hearing |
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| the chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window |
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| a condition in which near by objects are seen more clearly that distant objects because distant objects foucs infront of the retina |
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| Oppononent-Process Theory |
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| the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision |
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| the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
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| The processing of several aspects of a problem stimultanesouly; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision |
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| A tone's highness or lowness, depending on the frequency |
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| In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
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| The study of relationships between the physical charactoeristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological expierence of them. |
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| the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
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| The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of Nuerons that begin the processing of visual information |
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| retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twightlight vision, when cones don't respond |
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| located in the inner ear and contains fluids that help with both hearing and balance |
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| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our emviroment |
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| Sensorineural Hearing Loss |
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| hearing loss conducted by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves (aka Nerve Deafness) |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
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| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of faith stimulus "signal" amid background stimulation "noise". Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's expierence, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. |
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| Somatosensation/Cutaneous |
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| pressure, warmth, cold, and pain |
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| determines where a sound came from |
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| below one's absolute threshold for consious awarness |
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| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
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| information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as we construct perceptions drawing on our expierence and expectations. |
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| conversion of one form of energy into another. In sesation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses. |
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| colors are results of 3 types of receptors- yellow, blue and green |
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| a type of dizziness, where there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary |
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| the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance |
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| the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelenths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. |
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| The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) |
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