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Unit 4 Review
Unit 4 Review
55
Pathology
Undergraduate 1
11/01/2010

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Cards

Term
What are the two parts of the respiratory system?
Definition
Conducting airways, which supplies the air; the respiratory tissues where gas exchange occurs; Also, the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar tissues, where lung gas exchange occurs
Term
What is the function of the mucociliary blanket?
Definition
It cleans and moistens the air that passes over it
Term
What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature?
Definition
When the body temperature rises, more moisture is added
Term
What is the pleural effusion?
Definition
Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
Term
What are the symptoms of influenza? List at least three.
Definition
Fever, chills, general malaise
Term
What is the pleura?
Definition
The pleura are covering that protects the lungs; double –layered serous membrane to reduce friction of lung movement
Term
What is spontaneous pneumothorax?
Definition
It is collapse of a portion of lung, not caused by outside influences
Term
Define tension pneumothorax
Definition
It is caused by a side shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side. (Causes include injury or other outside influences)
Term
What agent causes pneumonia?
Definition
S. pneumonia. (Streptococcus pneumonia)
Term
Define hyperventilation.
Definition
Higher than normal ventilation rate this will cause a decrease in blood CO2 levels.
Term
What is emphysema?
Definition
A special pleural effusion: it differs in that the pleural cavity fills with pus.
It is also characterized by abnormal enlargement of air spaces, with obstruction to bronchi and alveoli in the lung walls.
Term
What is atelectasis?
Definition
Part of the lung doen’t expand completely
Term
What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack?
Definition
It increases, as air is trapped, and cannot contribute to vital capacity.
Term
What is lung compliance?
Definition
The ability of the lungs to inflate and change volume reasonable pressure.
Term
What is the function of the larynx? List three or more.
Definition
Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air.
Term
What is the glottis?
Definition
It is the opening at the larynx, between the vocal cords.
Term
Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction?
Definition
Mainly because it is wider, thus more likely an obstruction will enter.
Term
What supplies blood to the conducting airways?
Definition
Bronchial circulation
Term
What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
Definition
Direct relation of surface area and rate of gas diffusion – more area = more gas diffusion
Term
Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity?
Definition
It reduces surface area, thus decreasing the diffusion capacity of the lungs.
Term
Bicarbonate carries what in the blood?
Definition
Carbon dioxide is transported using the bicarbonate buffer system.
Term
A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by?
Definition
Causing evaporation from increased temperature. Fever increases the respiratory rate, resulting in additional loss of water vapor through the lungs.
Term
Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS. Is the infection of viral, bacterial or fungal origin?
Definition
Pneumocystis carinii; fungus.
Term
The common cold is transmitted via…
Definition
The most major vectors for transmission are our own fingers.
Term
What virus is responsible for the common cold? List at least 5 things.
Definition
Rhinoviruses, Parainfluenza Viruses, RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus), and Adenoviruses.
Term
What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis? List at least 4 things.
Definition
Slender rod-shaped, do not spore, waxy coat that retains acis/red die, and they are aerobes (use the oxygen environment in the lungs as opposed to anaerobes.)
Term
How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs?
Definition
They dry the bronchial secretions.
Term
Emphysema affects what part of the lungs?
Definition
The alveolar walls. Air space abnormally enlarges with destruction of alveolar walls and decreases elasticity and shape.
Term
Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen?
Definition
Chemoreceptors for blood 02 would infer high 02 and reduce breathing stimuli. High concentrations suppress the CO2 chemoreceptors which provide the main stimulus for ventilation.
Term
What happens to the lungs during asbestosis?
Definition
Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue
Term
What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages?
Definition
Protection of the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes negative.
Term
Adequate ventilation depends on…? List at least 3 things.
Definition
Patent (open) airways, compliant lungs, lung/atm pressure differences.
Term
What is the primary muscle that functions during inspiration?
Definition
Mainly the diaphragm
Term
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Definition
Most, but not all, is attached to hemoglobin.
Term
Describe the functions of surface tension on alveoli?
Definition
Slows rate of expansion of alveoli, helps all alveoli expand at the same rate.
Term
Define vital capacity?
Definition
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and forced out.
Term
What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs?
Definition
100%
Term
Define dyspnea.
Definition
Dys means that something is difficult, bad, or painful. Dyspnea is difficult breathing.
Term
What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome? List at least 4 things.
Definition
The adult respiratory distress is characterized by widespread atelectasis, loss of surfactant, interstial edema, formation of hyaline membrane, and impaired gas diffusion.
Term
What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis?
Definition
Check for boosted response to the first test.
Term
The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what?
Definition
Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes.
Term
Define Legionaire’s Disease. What is thought to have been the cause of the initial outbreak?
Definition
It is most common in persons with chronic illness and it consolidates lung tissue. It is preceded by diarrhea, hyponatremia, and confusion. Outbreaks of Legionnaire’s disease have been traced to air conditioning cooling towers and evaporative condensers.
Term
Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they…
Definition
Sinuses have low oxygen concentration, which attracts organisms.
Term
What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to the atmospheric pressure?
Definition
Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
Term
What happens to the trachea’s position during a tension pneumothorax?
Definition
It deviates
Term
To what does the PO2 level refer?
Definition
Plasma O2 levels, thus the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma.
Term
What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate?
Definition
That an individual as been exposed and sensitized (possibly from immunization)
Term
Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties? List at least 2 things.
Definition
Impaired gas diffusion, and lungs become stiff and do not inflate easily.
Term
What are signs of hypercapnia [increase of carbon dioxide in blood]? List at least 3 things.
Definition
Headache, flushed skin, conjunctival hyperemia, (abnormally high amount of blood in eyes)
Term
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Definition
Small airway obstruction during expiratory phase of ventilations. COPD is a group of disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis) characterized by presence of airflow obstruction.
Term
Describe pulmonary circulation.
Definition
The portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Term
Describe the bronchial circulation system.
Definition
Supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung such as the conducting airways.
Term
In addition to the bicarbonate buffer system, what other two ways is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Definition
Binding the carbon dioxide to blood plasma proteins or hemoglobins, dissolving carbon dioxide within itself.
Term
What are the most likely causes of emphysema? List at least three things.
Definition
Long term exposure to cigarette smoking, or exposure to other irritants (such as working in coal mines), air pollution, Antitrypsin Deficiency-a rare genetic disorder; people with this disorder have a deficiency in an enzyme that protects the lungs.
Term
What is the normal arterial level range of PO2?
Definition
80-100
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