Term
| What are the two parts of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Conducting airways, which supplies the air; the respiratory tissues where gas exchange occurs; Also, the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar tissues, where lung gas exchange occurs |
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Term
| What is the function of the mucociliary blanket? |
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Definition
| It cleans and moistens the air that passes over it |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature? |
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Definition
| When the body temperature rises, more moisture is added |
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Term
| What is the pleural effusion? |
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Definition
| Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of influenza? List at least three. |
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Definition
| Fever, chills, general malaise |
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Term
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Definition
| The pleura are covering that protects the lungs; double –layered serous membrane to reduce friction of lung movement |
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Term
| What is spontaneous pneumothorax? |
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Definition
| It is collapse of a portion of lung, not caused by outside influences |
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Term
| Define tension pneumothorax |
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Definition
| It is caused by a side shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side. (Causes include injury or other outside influences) |
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Term
| What agent causes pneumonia? |
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Definition
| S. pneumonia. (Streptococcus pneumonia) |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher than normal ventilation rate this will cause a decrease in blood CO2 levels. |
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Term
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Definition
A special pleural effusion: it differs in that the pleural cavity fills with pus.
It is also characterized by abnormal enlargement of air spaces, with obstruction to bronchi and alveoli in the lung walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the lung doen’t expand completely |
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Term
| What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack? |
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Definition
| It increases, as air is trapped, and cannot contribute to vital capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the lungs to inflate and change volume reasonable pressure. |
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Term
| What is the function of the larynx? List three or more. |
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Definition
| Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the opening at the larynx, between the vocal cords. |
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Term
| Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction? |
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Definition
| Mainly because it is wider, thus more likely an obstruction will enter. |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the conducting airways? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs? |
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Definition
| Direct relation of surface area and rate of gas diffusion – more area = more gas diffusion |
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Term
| Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity? |
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Definition
| It reduces surface area, thus decreasing the diffusion capacity of the lungs. |
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Term
| Bicarbonate carries what in the blood? |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide is transported using the bicarbonate buffer system. |
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Term
| A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by? |
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Definition
| Causing evaporation from increased temperature. Fever increases the respiratory rate, resulting in additional loss of water vapor through the lungs. |
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Term
| Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS. Is the infection of viral, bacterial or fungal origin? |
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Definition
| Pneumocystis carinii; fungus. |
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Term
| The common cold is transmitted via… |
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Definition
| The most major vectors for transmission are our own fingers. |
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Term
| What virus is responsible for the common cold? List at least 5 things. |
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Definition
| Rhinoviruses, Parainfluenza Viruses, RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus), and Adenoviruses. |
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Term
| What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis? List at least 4 things. |
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Definition
| Slender rod-shaped, do not spore, waxy coat that retains acis/red die, and they are aerobes (use the oxygen environment in the lungs as opposed to anaerobes.) |
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Term
| How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs? |
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Definition
| They dry the bronchial secretions. |
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Term
| Emphysema affects what part of the lungs? |
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Definition
| The alveolar walls. Air space abnormally enlarges with destruction of alveolar walls and decreases elasticity and shape. |
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Term
| Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen? |
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors for blood 02 would infer high 02 and reduce breathing stimuli. High concentrations suppress the CO2 chemoreceptors which provide the main stimulus for ventilation. |
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Term
| What happens to the lungs during asbestosis? |
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Definition
| Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages? |
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Definition
| Protection of the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes negative. |
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Term
| Adequate ventilation depends on…? List at least 3 things. |
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Definition
| Patent (open) airways, compliant lungs, lung/atm pressure differences. |
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Term
| What is the primary muscle that functions during inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is oxygen transported in the blood? |
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Definition
| Most, but not all, is attached to hemoglobin. |
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Term
| Describe the functions of surface tension on alveoli? |
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Definition
| Slows rate of expansion of alveoli, helps all alveoli expand at the same rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and forced out. |
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Term
| What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dys means that something is difficult, bad, or painful. Dyspnea is difficult breathing. |
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Term
| What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome? List at least 4 things. |
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Definition
| The adult respiratory distress is characterized by widespread atelectasis, loss of surfactant, interstial edema, formation of hyaline membrane, and impaired gas diffusion. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis? |
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Definition
| Check for boosted response to the first test. |
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Term
| The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what? |
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Definition
| Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes. |
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Term
| Define Legionaire’s Disease. What is thought to have been the cause of the initial outbreak? |
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Definition
| It is most common in persons with chronic illness and it consolidates lung tissue. It is preceded by diarrhea, hyponatremia, and confusion. Outbreaks of Legionnaire’s disease have been traced to air conditioning cooling towers and evaporative condensers. |
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Term
| Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they… |
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Definition
| Sinuses have low oxygen concentration, which attracts organisms. |
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Term
| What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to the atmospheric pressure? |
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Definition
| Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| What happens to the trachea’s position during a tension pneumothorax? |
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Definition
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Term
| To what does the PO2 level refer? |
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Definition
| Plasma O2 levels, thus the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma. |
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Term
| What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate? |
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Definition
| That an individual as been exposed and sensitized (possibly from immunization) |
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Term
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties? List at least 2 things. |
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Definition
| Impaired gas diffusion, and lungs become stiff and do not inflate easily. |
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Term
| What are signs of hypercapnia [increase of carbon dioxide in blood]? List at least 3 things. |
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Definition
| Headache, flushed skin, conjunctival hyperemia, (abnormally high amount of blood in eyes) |
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Term
| What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? |
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Definition
| Small airway obstruction during expiratory phase of ventilations. COPD is a group of disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis) characterized by presence of airflow obstruction. |
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Term
| Describe pulmonary circulation. |
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Definition
| The portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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Term
| Describe the bronchial circulation system. |
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Definition
| Supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung such as the conducting airways. |
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Term
| In addition to the bicarbonate buffer system, what other two ways is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? |
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Definition
| Binding the carbon dioxide to blood plasma proteins or hemoglobins, dissolving carbon dioxide within itself. |
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Term
| What are the most likely causes of emphysema? List at least three things. |
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Definition
| Long term exposure to cigarette smoking, or exposure to other irritants (such as working in coal mines), air pollution, Antitrypsin Deficiency-a rare genetic disorder; people with this disorder have a deficiency in an enzyme that protects the lungs. |
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Term
| What is the normal arterial level range of PO2? |
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Definition
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