Term
|
Definition
| the modifications of the natural landscape by human activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an important component of the human geography course |
|
|
Term
| environmental determinism |
|
Definition
| the belief that the physical environment, especially the climate & terrain, actively shapes cultures, so that human responses are almost completely molded by the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that cultural heritage is at least as important as the physical environment in shaping human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that the importance of human perception of their environment, rather than the actual character of the land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the complex mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that form a people's way of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs, and behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, & beauty, and that serve as guidelines for moral living |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific statements that hold to be true, & are almost always based on values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rules & expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes a wide range of artifacts which reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single attribute of a culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of interconnected culture complexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a culture region that can represent an entire culture system that intertwines with its locational and environmental circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area where civilizations first began |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when culture spreads to areas around them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developments that can be traced to a specific civilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a famous geographer who focused on diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another famous geographer who focuses on diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an innovation or idea develops in a source area and remains strong there while also spreading outward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when almost all individuals and areas outward from the source region are affected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the influence of the cultural traits weaken as time and distance increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primarily but not exclusively urban-based with a general mass of people conforming to and then aboandoning ever changing cultural trends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when ideas and artifacts spread first between larger places or prominent people and only later to smaller places or less prominent people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates imatative behavior within a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when individuals or a population migrating from the source areas physically carry the innovation or ideas to the new areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spread of cultural traits is slow enought that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the less dominant culture adopts some of the traits of the more influential one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the dominant culture completely absorbs the less dominant one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two-way flows of culture reflect a more equal exchange of culture traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of the fusion of old and new |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systematic means of communicating ideas and feelings through the us of signs, gestures, marks or vocal sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which one generation passes culture to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gropups of languages with a shared, but fairly distant origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most commonly cited language family, since the languages are spoken by about half the world's people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a smaller language family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those that are recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the language endorsed and recognized by the government as the one that everyone should know and use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boundaries in which words are spoken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to communicate in two languages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to communicate in more than two languages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an malgamation of languages that borrows words from several |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a pidgen becomes the first language of a group of people who lost their fromer native tongue a creole is formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| languages that were or read in daily activities by anyone in the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ideology with roots in ancient greece and rome which emphasizes the ability of humans being the guide to their own lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformed communism into a central ideology in many areas during the 20th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ordinary events, experience, and objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extraordinary events, experiences, and objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| religions that attempt to be global in its appeal to al people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large and basic divisions within a religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divisions of branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively small groups that do not affiliate with the more mainstream denominations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about 50% of the world's christians are roman catholic with concentrations in Latin america, french canda, central africa and southern and eastern europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about 18% of the world's christians branch split from the catholic church in the 16th century, divided later into hundreds of denominations strong in North america, northern europe, britain, south africa and Australia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about 12% of world's christians branch officially split from roman catholicism in the 11the centur CE strong in Europe and Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compromise 83% of all muslims, biggest branch in Middle east and asia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make up about 16% of all muslims located in iran, pakistan, iraq, turkey, azerbaihan, afghanistan, yemen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 56% of Buddhists, characterized by broad incorperation of ideas and gods from other religions as it spread into eastern asia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about 38% of Buddhists characterized by a stricter adherence to the original teachings of Buddha, stron in southeast asia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only about 6% of buddhists, with its emphasis on magic and meditation, found primarily in tibet and mongolia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides a code of moral and conduct based on numaness and family loyalty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds that human happiness lies in maintaining proper harmony with nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centered around belief in one God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ethnic religion in which people follow their shaman, who is believed to be in contact with the supernatural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that animate objects haave spirits and concious life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an integral part of a local culture and society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traditionally practiced by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in large heterogeneous societies that are bonded by a common culture despite the many differences among the people who share it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composite culture, both material and non-material that shapes th lives of folk societites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when many people who live in a land space share at least some of the same folk customs |
|
|
