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| The totality of human production |
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| Everything that we make. It has made us the dominant species on the planet. |
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| Dictates our behavior toward material culture. Symbolic. |
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| Five points about culture |
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~It is shared (you can't makeup your own.)
~It is learned
~It is taken for granted
~It is symbolic
~It is variable across time and space |
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| Darwin's contemporary. Thought that natural selection should work in society too. His philosophy led to the eugenics movement and helped Hitler justify killing Jews |
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| When philosophy becomes policy (think Nazi Germany.) |
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| Says that culture changes in time and across space. |
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| Innovation (referring to culture) |
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| A new artifact or trait becomes culture |
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| Changing a culture from the outside |
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| Says that things are not picked up by other cultures exactly as they were (think McDonalds) |
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| Our material culture changes more rapidly than our non-material culture. Goods become available before we really know what to do with them. |
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| A group of people within a larger society whose general pattern of life is measurably different than the mainstream culture (ex: the Amish and desert dwellers) |
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| The tendency to evaluate someone else's culture by the standards of your own |
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| Says that we should not judge other cultures by the standards of our own. (this causes problems when we use ti to excuse blatant human rights violations such as sex trafficking) |
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| Edward Shill's model of society |
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| Made up of the center and the periphery. Little circle inside of a big circle. |
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| A network of institutions that shapes society. Promotes and reflects the central values system. ALWAYS coercive. |
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| Periphery (Edward Shills) |
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| Where the people live. Can be far or near the center. Is at odds with the center. |
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| Community. Mutual assistance and shared access. Family is the best example. Is "thick" because it affects you on many levels. |
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| Tonnies' types of Gemeinschaft |
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| Family, Geography (neighborhoods), of the mind (a group of people you feel tied to. For example, other members of your religion or commune) |
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| Society. Based on self interests and exchange. No shared access to necessities. "very thin" |
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| Something that is only available if people cooperate |
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~Implies rational decision
~To get some good, you must incur some cost
~We DECIDE that the good is worth the cost. |
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| The way people are supposed to act |
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| Substantiative rationality |
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| The desired end (should come from functional rationality |
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| Pre-contractual solidarity |
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| Trust. (which is irrational) |
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| Says that an organization has latent functions and manifest functions |
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| What the organization is designed to do |
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| Purposes that the organization serves that were not intentional (ie: GCC acts as a Christian dating service) |
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| The inversion of functionalist philosophy. Does not assume equilibrium but does assume that someone is constantly being abused |
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| A conflict theory philosopher. Talks about "spheres of society." Assumes differentiation. |
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| Weber's "spheres of society" idea |
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| Some spheres overlap, they have different, conflicting requirements and morals and are ever-expanding. Conflict happens when the spheres run up against each other. |
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| A conflict theory philosopher. Talks about the base and superstructure of society. Also says that competition over resources drives human history. |
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| Encompasses everything economic. Includes the division of labor. Determines how we think about everything else. |
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| Everything that is not directly related to the economy (government, science, family, religion, etc.) The way we view this depends on the base. |
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| Interactionist perspective |
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Focuses on micro-level analysis.
Very interested in socialization and symbolism |
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| Any behavior that violates a societal norm |
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| Two perspectives on deviance |
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| Absolutist and relativist |
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| Absolutist perspective on deviance |
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| The context doesn't matter. If it's wrong, it's wrong. |
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| Relativist perspective on deviance |
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| Brings context into the story but doesn't exclude the notions of right and wrong. |
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| Three elements of a deviant act |
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~Expectation of behavior
~Violation (the act itself)
~Reaction |
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| Conservative response to a deviant act |
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| Focuses on punishment for deviants and on enforcement. |
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| Liberal response to a deviant act |
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| Focuses on the issues behind the deviant act. Often says that the person should not be blamed and that society should open its mind. |
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| Radical response to a deviant act |
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| (aka the sociological response) Asks how some behaviors get identified as problematic and others don't. |
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| Functionalist explanation of deviance |
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~Clarifies moral boundaries
~Provides rallying points
~Reaffirms the norms |
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| Durkheim's take on deviance |
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| Deviance is manufactured if society is running smoothly to reaffirm the norms. Punishing wrongdoers is cathardic in an "at least we're not like them" sort of way. |
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| Merton's take on deviance |
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| Deviance is the gap between reality and the goals a society presents to its young members. It is the means to get to an end. |
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| Often based on some sort of points system, etc. Reward: give points, prizes, etc. Punishment: Take points away, fine them, imprison them. |
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| Not based on points or scores, etc. Reward: thanking someone. Punishment: smacking someone |
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| When a group of people commit various acts of deviance, other non-deviant things that they do are perceived as being deviant. |
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| Convinced his grad students to get into a mental institution, then see how long it took for them to get out. This was an experiment in labeling. |
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