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| the minimum stimulation necessary to direct a particular stimulus (light, sound, pressure, taste, odor) 50% of the time |
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| below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
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| the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
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| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time |
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| to be percieved as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| the distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from short blips of cosmic rays to long pulses of radio transmission |
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| the dimension of color that is determined by wavelengths of light (blue, green, etc) |
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| The amount of energy in a light or soundwave, which we percieve as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude |
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| Where the light first passes through, protects the eye and bends light to provide focus |
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| Light from the cornea through pupil, a small adjustable opening |
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| Surrounds the pupil, a colored muscle that adjusts to light intake |
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| Behind the pupil, focuses incoming light rays into an image on the retina |
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| the light-sensitive innter surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones, plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
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| the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
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| retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
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| retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
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| the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
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| the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are there |
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| the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
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| Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory |
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| the retina contains three different color receptors - one sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color |
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| an image continuing to appear in one's cision after the exposure to the original image has ceased |
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| opposing retinal processes enable color vision (red-green, yellow-blue, black-white) |
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| Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
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| Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
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| an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
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| the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
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| A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object |
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| an organized whole, emphasizes our tendency to inegrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
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| the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground), continually reverses |
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| the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
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| we group nearby figures together |
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| we group similar figures together |
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| we percieve smooth, continuous patterns rather than disconnected ones |
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| we percieve uniform and linked objects as a single unit |
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| we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object |
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| a laboratory device for testing depth perception of infants and young animals |
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| depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes, helps in judging distance of nearby objects |
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| depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to each eye separately, for far away objects |
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| Percieving objects as unchanging (consistent color, shape, size, or lightness) even as illumination and retinal images change |
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| Percieving familar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object |
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| we percieve the form of familar objects as constant even while our retinal images of them change |
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| we percieve objects as having constant size even while our distance from them varies |
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| we percieve an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies; depends on relative luminance |
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| the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings |
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