Term
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Definition
all DNA in a cell.
Prokaryote: single dna cell
Eukaryote: chromasomes |
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Term
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Definition
non reproductive cells.
have 2 sets of chromasomes |
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reproductive cells.
Have one set of chromasomes |
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Definition
| complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division in eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| 2 duplicates of a chromasome that are separated during cell division |
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Definition
| narrow waist of duplicated chromasome, where 2 chromatids are closely attached |
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Definition
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| gametes produced by variation of cell division. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
growth and copying of chromasomes
G1(gap) phase, S (synthesis) Phase, G2 (gap 2 ) phase |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules that control chrom. movement |
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Term
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Definition
| assembly of microtubules in centrosome, then migrate tio sides of cell |
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Definition
| radial array of microtubules extends from each centrosome |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of chrom. and begin to move it |
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Definition
| chrom. lined up on metaphase plate |
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move along microtubules |
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Definition
| nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
cleavage furrow forms in animal cell
cell plate forms in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduction in prokaryotes. chromasome replicates and 2 daughter chromasomes actively move apart |
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Term
| cell cycle control system |
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Definition
directs sequential events of cell cycle
has internal and external control
has checkpoints where cell cycle stops until the "go ahead" signal is received. (G1 seems most important)
if no signal is received, exits cycle and becomes G0 (inactive) |
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Term
| regulatory proteins in cell cycle control system |
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Definition
| cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases |
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Term
| Maturation promoting factor (MPF) |
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Definition
| triggers cell's passage past G2 checkpoint into Mitotic phase. |
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Definition
| kinetochores not attached to spindle tubules send signal that delays anaphase |
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Term
| density dependent inhibition |
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Definition
| crowded cells stop dividing |
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Term
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Definition
| animal cells must be attached to substratum in order to divide |
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Term
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Definition
| normal cells converted to cancer |
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Definition
| abnormal cells remain at original site |
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Definition
| invade surrounding tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| export cancer cells to other parts of body |
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Definition
| scientific study of heredity and variation |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| differences in appearance between parents and offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| units of heredity made of segments of DNA |
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Definition
| cells genes are passed through sperm and eggs |
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Definition
| specific location of genes on certain chromasome |
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Definition
| one parent produces genetic identity of offspring (mitosis) |
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Definition
| group of genetically identical individuals from same parent |
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Definition
| 2 parents, offspring have combination of parents genes |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 chromasomes. any other cell than gamete |
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Definition
| ordered display of chromasome pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 chromasomes in each pair |
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Term
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Definition
x and y. xx=female xy=male
other 22 pairs not having to do with se are autosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| (2n) 2 sets of chromasomes |
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Definition
| (n) single set of chromasomes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| gametes are only types of human cells made by this. 1 set of chromasomes in each gamete |
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Definition
| how plants and algae grow |
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Definition
| diploid organism makes haploid spores by meiosis. each spore grows by mitosis into haploid called gametophyte |
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Definition
2 sets of cell division in meiosis
results in 4 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
homologous chromasomes split. = 2 daughter cells
(reductional division)
3 unique events: synapsis and crossing over, paired homologous chromasomes on metaphase plate, hom. pairs split during anaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromasomes separate |
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Term
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Definition
chromasomes condense. synapsis and crossing over: align and exchange DNA segments
each pair forms a tetrad:group of chromatids
each tetrad has 1st chiasmata: x shaped |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tetrads line up on metaphase plate. 1 chromasome facing each pole |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous pairs separate and move towards each pole |
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Term
| telophase 1 and cytokinesis |
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Definition
| each cell half has haploid cet of chromasomes. cell splits. cleavage furrow in animal cells, cell wall in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle app. forms chromasome, move towards metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which DNA directs protein synthesis |
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Definition
| protein complexes that hold sister chromatids together |
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Term
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Definition
| original source of genetic diversity. create alleles:different versions of genes |
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Term
| behaviour of chromasomes during meiosis and fertilization |
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Definition
| responsible for most variation that occurs in each generation |
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Term
| 3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation |
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Definition
independent assortment of chromasomes: each pair of chromasomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells. independent of other pairs
crossing over: produces recombinant chromasomes
random fertilization: adds to genetic variation because each parent sperm can fuse with any ovum. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 copies of each chromasome and gene |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch of DNA. typically contains 1 protein |
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Term
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Definition
2 true breeding parents
followed by first (fillial) generation F1
then F2 gen. etc. |
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Definition
| synthesis of a polypeptide by using into particular mRNA |
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| one gene - several phenotypic effects |
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Definition
| gene at one locus can hide the phenotypic expression of another gene |
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Definition
| family tree showing traits |
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Term
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Definition
| helps people make decisions related to genetic disorders |
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Term
| chromasome theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| mendelian genes have specific loci. Chromasomes undergo segregation and independent assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles seperate during gamete formation, and join together randomly during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
normal phenotypes in a population
Matant phenotypes: alternate traits of these |
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Term
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Definition
| gene located on either sex chromasome |
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Definition
| what inactive x chrom. condenses into |
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Definition
| genes located on same chromasome that tend to be inherited together |
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Definition
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Definition
| phenotype matches parental phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| non parental phenotypes. 50% frequency |
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Definition
| breaking physical connection in gene and switching pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| ordered list of genetic loci along a chromasome |
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Term
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Definition
genetic map based on recombination frequencies
distance in Map Units: 1 unit=1% recombination frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| positions of genes w/ respect to chromasome features |
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Term
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Definition
| pairs of homologous chromasomes dont seperate normally during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
results from fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred
affected individuals show symptoms specific to each type |
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Term
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Definition
| zygote has only one copy of a chromasome |
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Term
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Definition
| has 3 copies of a chromasome |
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Term
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Definition
| cell has more than 2 complete sets of chromasomes |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of chromasome segment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reverses segment within chromasome |
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Term
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Definition
| moves segment from one chromasome to another |
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Term
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Definition
| aneuploid that results in 3 copies of chromasome 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| sites where 2 DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication bubble |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| assimilation of foreign DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses that infect bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| when double helix replicates each daughter molecule, will have one old strand and one newly made strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| at end of each bubble. Y shaped region where strands start elongating |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forks |
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Term
| single strand binding protein |
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Definition
| binds to and stabilizes single stranded DNA until it can be used as template |
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Term
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Definition
corrects overwinding ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.
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Term
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Definition
| initial nucleotide strand is short RNA primer |
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Term
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Definition
| can start RNA chain reaction from scratch and adds RNA nucleotides one at a time using parental DNA as template |
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Term
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Definition
catalyze elongation of new DNA at replication fork
most require primer and template strand |
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Term
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Definition
| strand along template strand, continuously moving towards replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
other strand that is elongated away from fork
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Term
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Definition
| segments that make up lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| holds together okazaki fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| sites of translation, factories that make proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| initial RNA transcript from any gene |
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Term
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Definition
concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command
DNA→RNA→Protein |
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Term
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Definition
3 DNA bases
each codon specifies addition of one of 20 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
genetic code is redundant. 61 codes for amino acids 3 stop codes
not ambiguous (one codon does not specify more than one amino acid) |
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Term
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Definition
codons must be in correct reading frame in order for the polypeptide to be produced
one letter goes missing, wrong protein made |
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Term
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Definition
catalyzes RNA synthesis
pries DNA strand apart and hooks to another |
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Term
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Definition
| dna sequence when RNA polymer attaches |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence signalling end of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch of DNA transcribed |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase 2 bound to promoter |
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