Term
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Definition
1.Primary - Industry that extracts or produces raw material
• Extraction: Mining, Fishing,Forestry
• Production:Agriculture
2.Secondary - Industry that changes raw material into usable products through processing and manufacturing.
• "Value Added" - Changing the product through various processes takes time and money; which makes the product more expensive
• *Examples: Oil refining, Energy Production, food processing
3.Tertiary - Industry that provides a service and can support other levels.
• "Service industries': Transportation, finance utilities, education, retail,medical
• 75% of Canadians work in this level of industry
4.Quaternary - Industry that creates and transfers information; includes research and training
• *Fastest growing industry, result is from advancement in technology
• Highly Specialized industry
5.Quinary - Industry that controls the other levels
• Government, executives that make policies and laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| The management of resources in a careful and sustainable way |
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Term
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Definition
| Meets the need of the present generation without negatively affecting the needs of the future generation |
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Term
| Basic/Non-basic Industries |
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Definition
Basic - Sells its products outside the community, bringing money into the community
Ex: fishing, agriculture, energy, mining, forestry
Non-basic - sells products within community, does not bring money into community
Ex:grocery stores, movie theatres |
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Term
| Sustainable Yield Management |
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Definition
Use of a renewable resource at a rate that allows the resource to renew itself
Ex: number of fish caught should not exceed number of fish reaching maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer edge of continent, extends below the surface ocean to maximum depth of 200m. Atlantic Canada has a wide continental shelf but less than 200m deep. The sun penetrates the water and causes the growth of plankton which attracts a large amount of fish to the area |
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Term
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Definition
| a region off the atlantic coast rich in fish due to the meeting of the gulf stream and labrador current. it suffered a cod fishery collapse in the late 20th century and is currently the location of the large oilfield Hibernia |
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Term
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Definition
| Fishing that occurs on the edges of the continental shelf, up to 370 km from shore. Offshore fishers use larger boats, which are usually owned by large companies; these boats have crews of 12 to 16 people and fish purely for profit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fishing that occur within 16-25 km offshore. Inshore fishers use smaller boats, which are usually owned by individuals or families; these boats have crews of 1 to six people and fish for profit and as a way of life |
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Term
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Definition
Groundfish: Fish that are caught near the ocean floor, these fish are bottom feeders
• Eg: Cod, Pollock, Haddock, Halibut,Redfish
Pelagic Fish: Fish that are caught near the surface, these fish are open water feeders
• Eg: Salmon, Herring, Mackerel, Tuna, Caplin
Shellfish: Mollusks and crustaceans
• Eg: Shrimp, Lobster, Oysters, Scallops, Mussels |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetically modified organism (Organisms whose genetic structure have been changed to give them characteristics that are seen as desirable) |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetically modified plants and animals created by moving desirable genes from one organism or species to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of fish and other marine products on fish farms. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tank: Fish are raised in tanks, given medicine, food (Most Control)
2. Pond: Fish are raised in man made ponds, given food,medicine
3. Cage: Large enclosure on sea bed, fish grown, given special food to help grow
4. Raft: For shellfish and seaweed a raft is suspended by cables and the shellfish and seaweed grow there (Least control) |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of developing specific plant or animal species to increase yield, improve hardiness, pest resistance, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of farming in which large amounts of labor, machinery, and fertilizers are used on small farms. High yields per hectare are obtained. Intensive farming is common in densely populated areas (Major cities) Where lands values are high. Intensive farming is commonly used for producing fruits, vegetables, dairy, poultry, and hogs. Most of these products are perishable and need to be processed or transported to market quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of farming in which small amount of labor, machinery, and fertilizers are used on large farms. Yields per hectare are small. Most agricultural activities in Canada are of this kind. Extensive farming is common in areas where the population density is lower and land is plentiful and less expensive. Extensive farming is commonly used for cattle farming and ranching, grain and oilseed growing, and mixed farming. since these farms are located away from major markets, their products are usually less perishable or processed quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crops that are produced to make money |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintaining yourself/your family on the minimum. Some farmers are subsistent, which means they grow crops to support themselves |
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Term
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Definition
• Herbicide: Chemical designed to kill unwanted plants (weeds). If used improperly can become a pollutant (Runoff)
• Pesticide: Chemicals designed to kill harmful plants (herbicides) and harmful insects (Insecticides)
• Fertilizer: Substance put on agricultural land to make it able to produce more, eg manure or chemical fertilizer |
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Term
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Definition
The development in the second half of the 20th century of high-yielding crops of wheat and rice that led to increased harvests, particularly in developing countries
• High yield crops were created (Via selective breeding) and replaced the native crops that had lower yields
• Seeds for certain plants (rice, corn, wheat) were made free for farmers in developing countries |
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Term
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Definition
Mixture of heavy crude oil, sand, and water
• Oil sands can be used to make synthetic crude oil. Oil sands are likely to become an increasingly important source of Canada's oil because the reserves of oil sands are larger than those of conventional oil.
• The cost of producing synthetic crude from oil sands is significantly higher than that of conventional crude, the share of the total coming from oil sands will only increase as conventional reserves are used and as oil sand prices increase. |
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Term
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Definition
Leaving a field uncultivated for a year to build up its soil moisture
• Summer Fallowing was supposed to help the soil store scarce water, control weeds, and restore soil fertility. Crops are planted on year, but in the second year the fields are plowed and left bare.
• Studies show however, that this method actually causes increased erosion, a reduction in fertility, and a buildup of harmful salts
• The lack of covering vegetation reduces the soil's fertility, and salts deep in the earth are drawn upward as surface water evaporates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount you get from your crops (Farming) |
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Term
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Definition
| Metallic, Fossil Fuels, Industrial |
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Term
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Definition
Minerals that when refined yield the group of materials we know as metals
• Some are mined for their rareness and beauty (Gold, Silver,Platinum)
• Others like iron are valued for strength
• Finally others have properties that can be used to meet a human need. Examples being copper for electrical wiring and nickel, which can be mixed with iron to make steel which is resistant to rust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any mineral that can be burned to produce energy(eg. Coal, Natural gas and Oil) |
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Term
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Definition
Vary widely in characteristics, difficult to explain what they are, best way to put it is that they are all things mined that are neither metallic minerals nor fossil fuels.
Ex:
• Asbestos is used to protect things from fire and heat
• Potash is a salt-like material used to make fertilizer
• Gravel is a major ingredient in cement, which is used in the construction of most buildings |
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Term
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Definition
| Strip mines, open pit, underground |
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Term
| Strip mines & their disadvantages + advantages |
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Definition
• used to extract minerals, such as coal and oil sand that are located in horizontal layers near the surface
Advantages
• Minerals can be extracted quickly
• little to no work is required to obtain the minerals (save deposits that require blasting)
Disadvantages
• Overburden (Trees, Earth, Rock) is removed, land is ravaged |
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Term
| Open pit & their disadvantages + advantages |
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Definition
• Used to extract minerals that are located near the surface but that mayt extemd deep into the earth.
Advantages
• Minerals that are extracted in strip mining can be found, but more is found because the deposits extend deeper into the earth
Disadvantage
• Overburden( Trees, Earth, Rock) is removed land is ravaged |
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Term
| Underground & their disadvantages + advantages |
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Definition
Used to extract mineral ores located deep in the earth
Advantages
• A larger variety of minerals can be harvested due to being deeper underground
• Little to no overburden has to be removed, due to the mine being underground
Disadvantages
• Requires an incredibly large amount of time to set up
• Most dangerous of all 3 methods (Mine can collapse)
• Costs a large amount of money (Labor, machinery, fuel etc) |
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Term
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Definition
waste materials left over from processing ore.
• Tailings are a mixture of water, the chemicals used in the process, and rock particles, are poisonous and must be carefully handled.
• Tailings are dumped into tailing ponds that are contained within dikes. These dikes are designed to prevent the mine waste from seeping into nearby lakes and rivers.
• The water the tailings eventually evaporate, leaving solid waste behind. This is then treated with fertilizers and other chemicals to allow trees and grasses to grow |
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Term
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Definition
Processing ores into concentrates
• The mill starts the process of purifying the mineral by separating it from waste rock. the metal is now in a concentrated form, for example a concentrate of copper contains 30% copper 70% waste rock. |
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Term
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Definition
Process whereby metals are removed from ore or concentrate for use in the industry
• Concentrate is taken to a smelter - a smelter is very costly to build. in some cases it could cost as much as $1 billion or more-
• At the smelter, the or concentrate and a substance called flux are melted together in a furnace. The flux join with the waste rock to form a material called slag. The slag is lighter than the liquid metal and rises to the top. The almost pure metal is then poured into molds. |
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Term
| Problems & solutions in mining - environmental |
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Definition
problems
• Harm emissions pollute air
• despite actions to prevent waste getting into our air and water it still does
• Main source of acid precipitation comes from mining industry
• When mines are abandoned the land is scarred, mine waste leaks into rivers and lakes
• High quality reserves being exhausted, when they are gone we have to rely on lower quality resources farther from markets and transportation routes.
• 6/10 of biggest greenhouse gas producers in Manitoba,Quebec
solutions:
• Flood open pits for recreation
• Backfill areas to let waters take it back
• Limit greenhouse gas emissions, set a quota |
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Term
| Problems & solutions in mining - economic |
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Definition
problems:
• Billions/Millions of dollars are spent on controlling waste from factories, and on preventing acid precipitation
• 50% of minerals mixed in Canada are exported before any prior modification, creates jobs.
• When countries we trade with (foreign countries)(eg,East Asia) experience a economic slow down so do we because they are not buying our products
• New deposits constantly being found in other countries. Developing countries have lower production and labor costs and fewer pollution controls they undercut our prices. Production costs have to be lowered and in turn will lead to more mechanization of mining and milling.
• Mining towns totally rely on mine, if mine closes the markets disappear and the town has great difficulty surviving
solutions:
• Need to find more efficient processing and exportation, make it more competitive
• Government can give subsidies on operating costs, piping, railways, and transportation.
• When resource runs out diversify jobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well-established source of energy (Old school energy) such as oil, natural gas, coal, hydro, and nuclear-electricity. |
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Term
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Definition
| ("New" Energy) Solar, wind and biomass energ |
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Term
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Definition
| We rely mostly on three types of energy that account for 98% of our energy use. Oil 39% Natural Gas 35% and 24% the last 2% is alternative energy |
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Term
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Definition
• Basic unit of energy is Joule
• One Gigajoule = One Billion Joules
• 1 Petajoule = 1 Million gigajoules |
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Term
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Definition
Trees can be harvested profitably
• In warmer climate, so trees grow "quickly" (80 years)
• Near roads, waterway, rail, so it is easy to transport |
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Term
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Definition
Trees are unlikely to be cut down because:
• Cold climate and lack of precipitation stunt growth
• Too isolated and transportation cost makes it uneconomical |
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Term
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Definition
Hardwood - deciduous trees
trees with leaves
• considered "hardwoods" -> used for furniture and floorings, eg Oak,Maple
• Make up 22% of our forest
softwood, coniferous trees
cone bearing trees with needles
• considered "softwood" because they are easily sawn Eg, Pine, Spruce, Cedar
• Make up 63% of our forest
• Produces paper, particle board, plywood, and construction |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional resource-based industries, such as steel-making, auto assembly, or oil refining. |
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Term
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Definition
| Good transported by Truck, Train, Ship, or Aircraft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Things like wheat, coal, gravel, and iron ore shipped in loose form rather than in packages. They are usually of low value and must be shipped as clearly as possible |
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Definition
| A bus that move within a city |
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Term
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Definition
| A bus that moves between cities |
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Term
| Methods of transportation of goods |
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Definition
| rail, ship, road, air, pipeline |
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Term
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Definition
generally bulk cargoes like grain, coal, wood, oil
large volume, low value - moved as cheaply as possible
trains are good at moving large amount of freight very cheaply |
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Term
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Definition
trucks cost less to buy and maintain than railway cars and engines
Truck terminals are less expensive to build than train terminals
Trucks are not restricted to fixed routes |
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Term
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Definition
Ships are best suited for movement of very bulky, low value cargoes.
These include grain, iron ore, coal, petroleum , lumber, cement, sand and gravel. |
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Term
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Definition
most fastest way to ship, but most expensive
amount of freight is smaller
type of cargo transported are usually light weight and small
ex: jewellery, electronics, perishable |
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Term
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Definition
used to move gases, liquids and solids that have been crushed and mixed in water
in canada this is important for moving crude oil and natural gas |
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