Term
|
Definition
| Any cell of a living organism besides reproductive |
|
|
Term
| Gametogenesis makes a germ cell into a gamete, a ______________, goal being diploid to haploid. |
|
Definition
| Cell with half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell (eggs and sperm) |
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|
Term
| The keys to reproduction are... |
|
Definition
| hormonal negative and positive feedback loops |
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|
Term
| Diploid means there are _ copies of each chromosome per cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haploid means there are _ copies of each chromosome per cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the seminiferous tubule, cell proliferation occurs rapidly; meiosis occurs twice; spermatocytes are produced and then differentiated into sperm. In short, 1 diploid spermatogonium (stem cell) produces... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control the development of spermatids in the seminiferous tubules. |
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|
Term
| Seminiferous tubules are surrounded by connective tissue, blood vessels and _____ cells, which along with sertoli cells, INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERM CELL TO SPERM CELL. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Leydig cells secrete ___ which influences ____ |
|
Definition
| testosterone, rate of proliferation |
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|
Term
| Both Sertoli and Leydig cells regulate sperm cell development through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus of the brain secretes _____ which stimulates the pituitary to secrete Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (FSH and LH). |
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sertoli cells to nourish developing sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leydig cells to secrete testosterone |
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|
Term
| TESTOSTERONE and INHIBIN are two ___________ which send signals back to the pituitary and hypothalamus when sperm production becomes too high. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through mitosis and two meiosis events,one diploid primary oocyte produces how many secondary haploid oocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the female, when the egg is released, the ruptured follicle develops into the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two branches of the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are all red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies gotten from someone else (eg breastfeeding) |
|
|
Term
| What acts the same way in all individuals, requires no previous exposure to a pathogen, is seen in many types of animals, is available early in infection, and is necessary for induction of adaptive immunity? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is specific to given pathogens, occurs within the lifetime of an individual, is found only in vertebrates, takes time to mount, and increases effectiveness of innate immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of all immune cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From where does immune cell development occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of immune cell development and activation? |
|
Definition
| Lymphoid system (central lymphoid, peripheral lymphoid + mucosal immune system) |
|
|
Term
| What facilitates the interaction of immune cells with pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are five innate defenses? |
|
Definition
| Barriers, phagocytosis/inflammation, Fever, Complement, Natural Killer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells lacking MHC class I |
|
|
Term
| What is complement and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Floating inactive proteins in blood which become activated when they bind to pathogen surfaces; promote pathogen clearance and inflammation by causing immune responses |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of a fever? |
|
Definition
| Microbial pyrogens induce fever through cytokine effects on hypothalamus (Adjusting "set point") |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of barriers? |
|
Definition
| Physical, chemical, microbiological |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of primary phagocytic cells? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What do PRRs (Toll-like receptor family) recognize? |
|
Definition
| PAMP- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Proteins |
|
|
Term
| When a phagocyte's PRR recognizes a PAMP and binds to a pathogen, what are the four Cs which could result? |
|
Definition
| Cytokines, (chemokines), costimulatory activity, complement |
|
|
Term
| What does inflammation do? |
|
Definition
| Brings immune cells to site of infection, facilitates pathogen clearance. Vasodilation=more blood=redness, heat; Vasopermeability=more fluid=swelling; Increased nerve signalling=pain |
|
|
Term
| In the immune system, what are the two initial options a pluripotent stem cell could become? |
|
Definition
| Myeloid stem cell; lymphoid stem cell |
|
|
Term
| What do lymphoid stem cells become? |
|
Definition
| T-lymphocyte (Thymus); NK lymphocyte; B lymphocyte/plasma cell |
|
|
Term
| What do myeloid stem cells become? |
|
Definition
| Erythrocyte,Megakaryocyte (clotting), monocyte/macrophage |
|
|
Term
| What are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells considered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soluble protein molecules secreted by immune cells; messengers of the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A subset of cytokines that signal location |
|
|
Term
| Almost all healthy cells express... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The flagpole that presents small peptides from intracellular proteins to the immune system |
|
|
Term
| What are alpha and beta INTERFERON cytokines and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Caused by virally infected cells; stimulate NK cells |
|
|
Term
| Adaptive acquired responses are due to actions of what two types of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are B-cells responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are T-cells responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of T cells? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic T-cells and Helper T-cells |
|
|
Term
| What do cytotoxic T cells do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do helper T cells do? |
|
Definition
| Increase activity of other cells of the immune system (macrophages, B cells, CTLs) |
|
|
Term
| Adaptive acquired responses due to B and T cells help potentiate the function of other immune system cells via cytokines and antibodies. Name 5. |
|
Definition
| NK cells, Macrophages/neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein whose "epitope" is recognized as foreign- "non-self", by immunoglobulin (Ig) of B cells or TCR (T-cell receptor) on T-cells |
|
|
Term
| How does an antibody bind directly to an antigen? |
|
Definition
| Two identical binding sites; light chain, heavy chain; Variable vs constant regions; disulfide bridge; non-covalent bonds |
|
|
Term
| Immunization prevents infection by inducing... |
|
Definition
| an adaptive immune response. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of helper T cells? |
|
Definition
| Helper Th1 cells and Helper Th2 |
|
|
Term
| What do Helper Th1 cells do? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate macrophages and neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What do Helper Th2 cells do? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate B cells to become plasma cells that secrete antibody |
|
|
Term
| How do cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells via apoptosis? |
|
Definition
Perforins: make hole in membrane so granzymes can enter
Granzymes: initiate programmed cell death pathway |
|
|
Term
| Antigen-presenting cells (APC) display peptides from pathogen in MHC molecules. What is displayed in MHC Class I and what in MHC Class II? |
|
Definition
| Peptides from cytoplasmic pathogens in Class I; peptides from endocytosed pathogens in Class II |
|
|
Term
| In the absence of infection, what is loaded in MHC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leads to proliferation and activation of B and T lymphocytes with receptors that bind to antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are a diverse number if Lg/TCR receptors created? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 antigen presenting cells. |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B cells |
|
|
Term
| T cells are stimulated by dendritic cells and macrophages through what two signals? |
|
Definition
| TCR binding to MHC containing non-self Ag; Costimulatory activity (expressed only by APC in response to activation by PAMP:PRR pathway) |
|
|
Term
| B cells are stimulated by T cells through what three interacting signals? |
|
Definition
| Binding of Ab to Ag; TCR binding to MHC containing Ag; Costimulatory activity |
|
|
Term
| What are the two organs of the central lymphoid system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do activated T cells do? |
|
Definition
| 1) serve as CTL or 2) produce helper cytokines |
|
|
Term
| What's so great about antigen specificity? |
|
Definition
| Biologics (mab drugs), research, diagnostics |
|
|
Term
| An antigen can have several epitopes and different _____ can bind to each. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allergies and asthma are... |
|
Definition
| immune responses to innocuous substances |
|
|
Term
| Autoimmune diseases are... |
|
Definition
| immune responses to self proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Front portion of sperm head which enables it to break down the surface of the egg |
|
|
Term
| Where is a sperm's nucleus located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the mitochondria that power the sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sperm matures in what direction in the sem. tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The blastocyst is totipotent, meaning... |
|
Definition
| Capable of giving rise to both embryo and extra-embryonic tissue |
|
|
Term
| How are labor contractions initiated? |
|
Definition
| Estradiol stimulates oxytocin stimulates contractions & prostaglandins in placenta which also stimulate contractions |
|
|
Term
| What coordinates the timing of the thickening of the endometrium lining with the maturation of the oocyte? |
|
Definition
| Secretion of estrogen by the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What triggers the follicle to rupture and release the oocyte? |
|
Definition
| Peak in estradiol triggers a surge in primary LH |
|
|
Term
| Secretion of progesterone and estrogen in the follicle/corpus luteum is a signal for what? |
|
Definition
| FSH and LH levels to stay down |
|
|
Term
| If implantation occurs, how does the CL know to stick around? |
|
Definition
| Endometrium lining secretes HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) |
|
|
Term
| What does a lack of progesterone and estrogen stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Sloughing off of endometrium lining; FSH and LH levels to increase to produce another oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What are three components of the ectoderm? |
|
Definition
| Epidermis, CNS, neural crest |
|
|
Term
| What are five components of the mesoderm? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal (notochord), bone, kidney, red blood cells, facial muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are three components of the endoderm? |
|
Definition
| Digestive tube, respiratory system, pharynx/thyroid |
|
|
Term
| What are the three germ layers from what should be inside to what should be outside? |
|
Definition
| Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| What are the 11 body systems? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory, Nervous, Circulatory, Urinary, Reproductive, Endocrine, Digestive, Skeletal, Lymph/immune, Integumentary, Muscular (RN CURED SLIM) |
|
|
Term
| What is a homeotic mutation? |
|
Definition
| One structure is replaced by another |
|
|
Term
| The embryonic period is most susceptible to exogenous agents, or _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encode different regions along the A-P axis |
|
|
Term
| What is the back region called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the front region called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lower region called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the upper region called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the region closest to your body (core) called, as in limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the region farthest from your body (as in limbs), called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the essence of differential gene expression and the Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) as it relates to embryogenesis? |
|
Definition
| TxFs cause different cells to express different genes at different times, which controls cell fates and thus development. |
|
|
Term
| HOX genes are colinear, meaning... |
|
Definition
| Their position in 3' to 5' sequence matches that of A-P |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of stages in embryonic development (7)? |
|
Definition
| Fertilization, Cleavage (Blastula), Gastrulation, Neurulation, Organogenesis, Gametogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What says when the MBT will occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mid-blastula transition; when zygotic genome becomes activated (before this, mRNAs from mom stored in the oocyte cytoplasm have been used for cell division) |
|
|
Term
| What is the starting point of gastrulation & only self-determined tissue in early gastrula? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal Blastopore Lip, "organizer" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes inducer molecules (morphogens) in a gradient to regulate cell fate at different concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Morphogen with a goal of cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
| DBL secretes dorsalizing inducer molecules, such as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Noggin and chordin are antagonized by ____, causing gradient that establishes D-V axis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During neurulation, notochord and floor plate secrete what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During neurulation, epidermis secretes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of neurons does BMP induce during neurulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of neurons does SHH induce during neurulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the SHH-BMP gradient during neurulation produce in the middle of the neural tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower surface tension tends to envelope... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ZPA (Zone of Polarizing Activity) in the limb bud secrets SHH (co-opted) which has the ability to? |
|
Definition
| Specify digits along A-P axis |
|
|
Term
| Secondary induction is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What modulates cell-cell adhesion and thus surface tension? |
|
Definition
| Cadherins such as E (epithelial) cadherin, N (CNS, mesoderm) Cadherin, and Protocadherin (separates notochord from mesoderm) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of plant tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dermal (epidermis) plant tissue |
|
Definition
| Outer layer, single cell thick, protection, some specialized cells |
|
|
Term
| Vascular tissue of plants |
|
Definition
| xylem and phloem for transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "filter", parenchyma, general metabolism, support & structure |
|
|
Term
| Where are photoreceptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sheath protecting young shoot |
|
|
Term
| How do tropisms (gravi, photo) work? |
|
Definition
| Cause different rate of growth on one side due to accumulation of auxins |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of photomorphogenesis (plant processes resulting from light)? |
|
Definition
| Greening, germination, shoot elongation, reproduction, shade avoidance, stomatal opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis, reproduction, storage |
|
|
Term
| What causes axis formation in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of stages of plant development (7 stages)? Zeigler taught our goat hot tamales matter. |
|
Definition
| Zygote; Two Cells; Octant; "Heart" embryo; "Torpedo" embryo; Mature plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two year (flowers 2nd year) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant embryonic initial stem cells, divide repeatedly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 derivative daughter cell (can become apical (height) or lateral (girth)); and 1 meristem copy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant growth regulation: environmental signals and genetic program must be coordinated through body responses (cell division, expansion, differentiation, and death) |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of plant receptors? |
|
Definition
| Photoreceptors (specific wavelengths), mechanical sensors (gravity, touch), hormone receptors (chemical signalling) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromophore attached to protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phototropin, zeaxanthin (caretenoid) - opening/closing stomata, cryptochrome (BL + UV) - help set circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
| What senses red and far red light? |
|
Definition
| Phytochrome, acts as molecular light switch (changes conformation and locattion when perceives light) and stimulates gene expression |
|
|
Term
| What is the key to hormone signalling in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polar transport to base of plant (1-way) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates plant cell growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the acid growth hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Auxin enters cell as acid or base; becomes base inside cytoplasm and makes cell wall more acidic by stimulating proton pumps; stimulates expansins; which loosen cell wall; turgor pressure then causes elongation of cells |
|
|
Term
| In photo and gravi tropism respectively, where does auxin accumulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ethylene an' what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It's a gas which promotes senescence (aging, dying), fruit ripening, is used commercially to synchronize ripening; inhibits auxin |
|
|
Term
| What controls leaf abscission? |
|
Definition
| Balance of auxin and ethylene (auxin forms abscission layer while ethylene degrades it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do guard cells function? |
|
Definition
| Surround stomata and assist in opening/closing and passage of CO2, water, etc. through hole. |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the leaf are the stomata on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what direction is the movement of water and nutrients? |
|
Definition
"source to sink"
sugar goes from leaf to apical growth zone; water goes from ground to leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of fluid from high pressure areas to low pressure driven by evaporation |
|
|
Term
| What is "transpiration-cohesion tension"? |
|
Definition
| Evaporation through stomata dries mesophyll wall, which pulls water from inner cells. The resulting tension sucks water (cohesive) up xylem from soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blue light receptor; low CO2 levels; circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water stress (Drying), abscisic acid, heat, high CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through cells (plasmodesmata) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turns symplast transport to apoplast |
|
|
Term
| About 90% of a plant's water loss occurs.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evaporation from leaves drives bulk flow of water to occur through tracheids and dead vessel elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active transport of sugars at each end drives bulk flow of organic nutrients (mostly sugars) long seive tube members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect against injury and infections; help maintain temperature |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal system (bones, tendons, ligaments) |
|
Definition
| structure and organ protection; marrow provides stem cells for blood and immune cells |
|
|
Term
| Nervous system- 3 sections |
|
Definition
| CNS - brain and spinal cord; PNS- carries nerve impulses to muscle and glands; ANS- Autonomic - regulates involuntary actions (smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glandular system, secretes hormones directly into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eliminates CO2 in lungs, provides waterway transport for hormones and nutrients; delivers nutrients and O2, collects wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows environment for CO2 to from blood to be exchanged for O2 from air (for aerobic respiration - > oxidative phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphatic system (generates and circulates white blood cells) and immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown food and extract nutrients into macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sperm from male fertilizes female ovum in fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
| How do systems communicate with each other? |
|
Definition
| Nervous system (quick) and endocrine system (slow) |
|
|
Term
| Two options for thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
| Conform to external environment or regulate internal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulation of internal parameters through feedback responses; body tries to maintain "set point" of a given variable; fluctuations generate stimulus which is sensed by receptor which triggers response |
|
|
Term
| Human body parameters for temp, pH, sugar, respectively |
|
Definition
| Temp, 37C, 98.6F, Ph 7.4; 0.9 mg/mL glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warmed by metabolism; can withstand large fluctuations in either warm or cold temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| utilize behavior to regulate temperature |
|
|
Term
| An _____ can maintain its body temperature by regulating metabolism rates, whereas an _______ cannot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behaviors of ectotherms: Radiation |
|
Definition
| Emission of EM waves absorbed by animal (sun) |
|
|
Term
| Behaviors of ectotherms: Conduction |
|
Definition
| transfer of heat from object |
|
|
Term
| Behaviors of ectotherms: Evaporation |
|
Definition
| Removal of heat as liquid becomes gas (Sweat) |
|
|
Term
| Behaviors of ectotherms: Convection |
|
Definition
| Movement of water or air across a surface |
|
|
Term
| How does integumentary system help regulate temperature? |
|
Definition
| Hair (insulation), muscle (shivering), blood vessels (dilation cools while constriction warms), oil glands (insulation by repelling water), sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| Small, thin animals do not need a heart because _____, and they have what kind of system? |
|
Definition
| They can exchange materials directly At surface, they have a gastrovascular system (satisfies both eating and gas exhange) |
|
|
Term
| All circulatory systems contain what three components? |
|
Definition
| Muscular pump, fluid (blood or hemolymph), set of tubes or conduits |
|
|
Term
| Two types of circulatory systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemolymph- blood and hemolymph all mixed together |
|
|
Term
| Closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Blood confined to vessels, distinct from interstitial fluid, capillary beds=site of exchange |
|
|
Term
| Capillaries->venules->veins->heart->arteries->arterioles->capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhymthic cycle of heart contraction and relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contraction (pumping) phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relaxation (filling) phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amt of blood pumped in one contraction (about 70 mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vol of blood pumped into systematic circulation per minute (dependent on HR and SV) |
|
|
Term
| Gas diffusion happens in ______ surrounding _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drives diffusion of O2 and CO2? |
|
Definition
| Partial pressure differences |
|
|
Term
| When one subunit (iron + heme) binds or unloads O2, what happens to the other subunit affinities? |
|
Definition
| Do the same-- PEER PRESHA |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin changes conformation at lower pHs to more readily... |
|
Definition
| unload 02 (in areas of higher CO2 that need it for instance muscles during excercise.) |
|
|
Term
| Things going different ways (such as arteries and veins, or water and blood in aquatic species)... |
|
Definition
| Transfer heat to each uvva |
|
|
Term
| What controls exchange of blood with interstitial fluid in capillary beds? |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure in relation to osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is countercurrent exchange? |
|
Definition
| In aquatic species, water and blood pass in opposite directions; water always has a higher PP02 |
|
|
Term
| What regulates blood flow to different regions? |
|
Definition
| Vasoconstriction and vasodilation and/or regulation of precapillary sphincters |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic (Norinepinephrin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic (acetylcholine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Artery walls are ___ as thick as veins |
|
Definition
| 3x; to handle pressure of pumped fluid and maintain structure during relaxation |
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Term
| Veins have what kind of valves... |
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Definition
| unidirectional "flap" valves |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cardiomyocytes which conduct electrical impulses to synchronize cardiac contractions |
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Term
| How do capillaries ensure easy exchange of gases b/w RBC and interstitial fluid? |
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Definition
| Close proximity; thin walls; many many to allow same volume through (rate decreases by 500x) |
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Term
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Definition
| activates a second messenger cGMP which stimulates smooth muscle relaxation; vasodilation |
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Term
| Endothelin and angiotensin are ligands which activate G-protein coupled receptors which activate... |
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Definition
| Ca++ flux and contraction -> vasoconstriction |
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Term
| What is causing embryo 1's two heads? |
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Definition
| CT1 is upregulating chordin coupled with less BMP produced, chordin antagonizes BMP, ordinarily, too much chordin, gradient gets messed up, development of second dorsal lip, second invagination, causes two-headed embryo |
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