Term
| how much time do we spend with others |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what factor increases our need for affiliation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 63% perfered to wait with others |
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Term
| those low in fear condition |
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Definition
| 33% wanted to wait with others |
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Term
| determinants of attraction |
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Definition
| situational factor, individual attributes, and individual behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the physical closeness between two people with respect to who they come in contact with; relationship to liking |
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Term
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Definition
| the smaller the physical distance, the closer in contact people come, the more likely they will like each other |
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Term
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Definition
| 65% they were friends with people living near to you, 41% of next door neighbors indicated they were close friends, 22% who lived two doors down said they were close friends, 10% named as those living across the hall from them as a close friend |
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Term
| explanation for frestinger study |
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Definition
| repeated exposure, the more you come into contact with someone the more familiar they are |
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Term
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Definition
| simply being exposed to someone can increase our liking for him |
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Term
| regular vs. mirror image, zajonc's explanation |
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Definition
| When we meet someone new, try a new food, etc., we feel discomfort, however with repetition, positive emotions increase and negative emotions decrease |
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Term
| What about ‘familiarity breeds contempt’ |
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Definition
| most certainly wrong, unless the person has such negative qualities and the more you see them the more you cannot stand them |
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Term
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Definition
| warmth, competence, attractiveness, similarity |
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Term
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Definition
| What makes someone warm: positive outlook, nonverbal behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| We like people who are intelligent, socially skilled, and competent. Exception: we don’t like people who are too perfect, if they never make mistakes, if they are too perfect we like when they do something wrong |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Beautiful women: more vain, attractive men: less intelligent; they have a hard time telling if the attention they receive is due to their abilities or looks |
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Term
| Attractiveness and a self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| Attractive people may think that they are loveable because they are treated as such |
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Term
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Definition
| we tend to like people who are similar to us in attitudes, interests, values, background, and personality |
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Term
| Similarity-dissimilarity effect |
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Definition
| similarity=postive feelings, dissimilarity=negative feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| Randomly assigned people at University of Michigan to be roommates, Similarity predicted friendship formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Couples grew to look like one another after many years of marriage, due to empathy (acting in an empathetic way changes the muscles in your face |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar attitudes are actually irrelevant and unimportant |
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Term
| Dissimilar attitudes - repulsion hypothesis |
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Definition
| Just dissimilar attitudes that play an important role; we initially respond to strangers with liking, that positive response that we have when we meet someone to a negative direction if/when dissimilar attitudes are displayed. We are not attracted to a select few, we are actually repulsed by people with dissimilar attitudes |
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Term
| Why similarity is important? |
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Definition
| Rewarding – having someone agree with us boosts our self-esteem and provides a basis for sharing activities. Impact of cognitive dissonance – it would be uncomfortable for us to be around someone different than us |
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Term
| Complementarity hypothesis |
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Definition
| We are attracted to people who are not similar, more so people who complement each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| giving praise & conveying liking |
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Term
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Definition
| we like people better if they evaluate us positively than if they evaluate us negatively; however, the praise needs to be sincere and intelligent. We do not like to feel like we are being manipulated; if the praise-r is going to gain more than the praise-e they will feel manipulated |
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Term
|
Definition
| How much others like us is important in determining how much we like them. Relates to Heider’s balance theory. It is so important that it can make up for an absence in similarity. Self-fulfilling prophecy; if we behave like others like us, people will like us and visa versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| we like people the most if we feel we have gained in their estimation about us, and we dislike people the most if we feel like we have lost our favor |
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Term
| Does playing hard to get increase attraction? |
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Definition
| It doesn’t work because we are turned off by people who reject us. We prefer people who are moderately selective, people who play hard to get are too selective. |
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Term
| Exceptions to playing hard to get |
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Definition
| 1. When the hard to get component is there because of external factors (i.e. sinking ship in titanic) 2. External component (Romeo and Juliet effect; when parents forbid a relationship) |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to a strong emotional bond to a significant other person. Develops in early childhood; infants become attach to those they are around most often |
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Term
| Nature of attachment can vary |
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Definition
| Two important factors: 1. Self-esteem; feel respected, love, cared for 2. Interpersonal trust; seen as dependable, reliable, trustworthy |
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Term
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Definition
| Caregivers that are responsive to needs and show positive emotions; come to view themselves as worthwhile and likeable; Adults develop mature, lasting relationships. Research shows that adults have the most long-term, enduring relationships.Highest level of commitment and satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Caregivers are inconsistent and overbearing in affection; Kids end up being unusually anxious because of inconsistent parents; Adults – want to become close to partners but they worry that partners are not going to return their attention and affection; Most short lived romantic relationships; Enter into relationships quickly; Most upset and angriest when love is not reciprocated |
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Term
|
Definition
| Believe that they deserve good relationships; Don’t trust people, expect the worse of others; Fear getting close to people; say they don’t really need a relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aloof, distant caregivers; Infants desired to be close to caregiver but know that they will be rejected by caregiver if they reach out; Adults – less able to trust people; Least likely to enter into a romantic relationship; Most likely to report they have never been in love; Maintain distance in relationships; Lowest level of commitment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Research has found that preoccupied and fearful/avoidant become couples because they match each others working models of what a relationship should be |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to a subjective feeling when our social relation relationships are lacking; Deficit in quantity (we don’t have as many friends as we would like, or you don’t have a significant other) or quality (feel like friendships are more superficial than you would like, have a boyfriend but its not meeting your needs) |
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Term
| Distinction between loneliness and aloneness |
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Definition
| Aloneness; simply being apart from others, this may or may not involve loneliness |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by starting a new school, moving to a new town, beginning a new job, ending a romantic relationship. Most people who experience this recover and have new relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| When people feel lonely across situations, May last for years, About 10% of US adults have this; Associated with: Depression, Use of alcohol and drugs, Physical illness |
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Term
| Risk factors of loneliness |
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Definition
| 1.Those with insecure attachment style. 2. Those with poor social skills. 3. Children of divorced parents. 4. Low self-esteem. 5. Single people are more likely to be lonely compared to married people. 6. More common among poor compared to rick. 7. Age; common belief that the elderly is the loneliest segment of the population; THIS IS NOT TRUE. It is actually highest among teenagers and young adults. Possibly due to the amount of transitions young adults go through |
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Term
| Strategies for reducing loneliness |
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Definition
| 1.Learning better social skills. 2. Trying to find ways to increase self-esteem (cognitive therapy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Association, Social exchange theory & equity theory |
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Term
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Definition
| we like people who are associated with good experiences, and dislike people who are associated with bad experiences |
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Term
| Social exchange theory (AKA interdependence theory); |
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Definition
| our liking or another depends on our assessment of the costs and benefits of the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| positive, gratifying aspects of the relationship; what make relationship worthwhile |
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Term
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Definition
| annoying characteristics/ habits that you don’t really like |
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Term
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Definition
| what you expect the outcome of your relationship to be; what you feel you deserve |
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Term
| comparison level for alternatives |
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Definition
| could a relationship with a different person give me a better outcome? |
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Term
| low comparison level for alternatives |
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Definition
| people don’t believe that they can find a better alternative |
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Term
| high comparison level for alternatives |
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Definition
| your current relationship will never live up to that; can always do better; keep going from relationship to another relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| people are most content with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners |
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Term
| Equity does NOT mean equal; balance is what’s important |
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Definition
| If you give more, but you get more out, and your partner gives less, but gets less = still balanced |
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Term
| Under benefited and over benefited partners feel uneasy |
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Definition
| Who feels worse? -> Under benefited (put their heart and soul into relationship and don’t feel the same back |
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Term
| Female Evolutionary Strategy |
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Definition
| Any one reproductive act could lead to pregnancy; if she makes a bad choice, she’s in evolutionary trouble |
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Term
| Male Evolutionary Strategy |
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Definition
| Reproduction is easy, small time commitment, great potential for evolutionary gain |
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Term
| Female Criteria: What are women looking for? |
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Definition
| Mate needs to be capable of producing healthy children, possess resources |
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Term
| Male Criteria: What are men looking for? |
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Definition
| Most important attribute is reproductive value. Key componentes are age and attractivness |
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Term
|
Definition
| passionate & compassionate |
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Term
|
Definition
| intense longing for union with another; iii. Can occur spontaneously and without notice; iv. Feeling may be accompanied by neurochemical changes that produce feelings of excitement and happiness |
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Term
| Passionate love person tends to be |
|
Definition
| preoccupied with partner and perceive them as perfect |
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Term
|
Definition
| very intense feelings and short lived |
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|
Term
| passionate love divorce rate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined |
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|
Term
| compassionate love emotions |
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Definition
| More moderate; deep attachment and care for person, characterized by liking and respect |
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|
Term
| compassionate love divorce rate |
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Definition
| **More likely to lead to satisfactory long-term relationship (for both romantic and friendship relationships |
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Term
| Triangular Model of Love (Sternberg) |
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Definition
| intimacy, passion, decision/commitment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the closeness that two people feel, the strength of their bond |
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Term
|
Definition
| romance, physical attraction, sexual intimacy |
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Term
|
Definition
| cognitive factors (decide to be committed to someone |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a person’s ability to influence the behavior, thoughts, or feelings of another person in that relationship |
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Term
| Who has the most power in relationships? |
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Definition
| Married couples - 64% said equal, 34% of remaining said men had more power, Dating - 48% of women and 42% of men think its equal |
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|
Term
| How to have equal power (2 ways) |
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Definition
| 1. Share all decisions, 2. divide the responsibilies up (more common) |
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Term
|
Definition
| It depends on what the couple wants, as long as they agree on the balance of power they can be happy |
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|
Term
| Determinants of whether a relationship is equal in power |
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Definition
| Social norms (men are more traditionally in power), Relative resources (the person with more resources has more power), Principle of least interest |
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Term
| Principle of least interest |
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Definition
| when both are equally committed to a relationship, then power should be equal. If both are a 9, then it is ok; if one is a 9 and the other is a 3, then the 3 has more power. The person who is more dependent on the relationship has less power, the person who is willing to walk away has more power |
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Term
| Gottman’s Marital Research - background info |
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Definition
| Successful marriages find a healthy balance between positive and negative emotional interactions; ration needs to be 5:1 (for every 1 negative moments, there needs to be 5 good things) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Validating marriages, volatile marriages, conflict avoiding |
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Term
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Definition
| when couple is very compatible (agree on how many kids, religion, sex), and what they don’t agree on they are able to compromise on. When they do disagree, they acknowledge their differences. A lot of self help books are geared to get marriages to look like this, the 5:1 ratio is prevalent here |
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Term
|
Definition
| couples that love to fight, very emotional, petty bickering, jealously, sarcasm, high temper; they don’t fight fairly. Traditionally, this type of marriage would not work, however as long as they can maintain the 5:1 ratio, this marriage can survive. It can be more exciting, more intimate than the others. Downside: infliction of deep wounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| these couples cannot stand to fight, when a potential disagreement arises, they try to sidestep around it. They try to ignore issues, when it cannot be ignored they try to resolve an issue but not really resolving it. Traditionally, this type of marriage would be doomed to fail also. However if the 5:1 ratio is maintained its ok. They have fewer interactions, which means fewer negative interactions and positive interactions. |
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Term
| Four horsemen of the Apocalypse (four warning signs that a relationship is in trouble) |
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Definition
| Criticism, Defensiveness, Contempt, Stonewalling |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complaint vs. criticism: complaint is very specific and criticism is very global and has more blame associated with it |
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Term
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Definition
| fundamentally an attempt to ward off an attack from you partner. This tends to escalate a conflict instead of ending it |
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Term
|
Definition
| Denying responsibility, making excuses, cross complaining, rubber man/rubber woman, yes-butting, whining |
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Term
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Definition
| maximized criticism, intent of psychologically abusing your partner, I.e. sarcasm, mocking, imitating, facial expressions |
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Term
| Stonewalling (withdrawal) |
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Definition
| dis-gaging in any activity with you, removed physically and emotionally. Conveys coldness, smugness, disapproval. More likely to be men. Single largest predictor of divorce |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conflict is both inevitable and to some degree healthy for a relationship |
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Term
| (conflict) Relationship to three types of marriages |
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Definition
| Major problems arise when a conflict avoiding person or a validating person marry a volatile person |
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Term
| Gottman and Conflict; four steps to dealing with conflict |
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Definition
| Soften, learn, soothe, compromise |
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Term
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Definition
| do not start convo with criticism or contempt, they way you bring it up is a predictor for how it will end |
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Term
| Learn to make and receive repair attempts |
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Definition
| you need to know when to stop an argument and begin repair (i.e. taking a break, defusing with something else, etc.) |
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Term
| Soothe yourself and each other |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idea that no one person will get their way, you can find ways so that each person “won” |
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Term
|
Definition
| importance of acceptance; need to be willing to accpet that you and your partner are different |
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Term
| Maintaining a Committed Relationship |
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Definition
| Positive illusions about the relationships, Misremembering the past, Explaining partner's belief, williingness to sacrifice, accommodatin and forgiveness |
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Term
| Positive illusions about the relationships |
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Definition
| people who focus on the positive aspects vs. the negatives aspects make the relationship happier |
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Term
|
Definition
| belief that relationships who are happy tend to improve over time |
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Term
| Explaining partner’s behavior |
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Definition
| Important dimensions: Stable vs. unstable and global vs. specific |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive ISG, negative EUS |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive EUS, negative ISG |
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Term
|
Definition
| Willingness of putting what is best for you aside and for the betterment of your partner is predictive of a happy relationship |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the willingness when a partner engages in a potentially destructive to inhibit that impulse to reciprocate and respond in a constructive way |
|
|
Term
| Factors that increase the likelihood of acting in constructive way: |
|
Definition
| committed to the relationship, securely attached, take partners perspective, and good self control |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Those in happy and committed relationships are more likely to forgive than those in unhappy relationships, 2. People who have empathy for offending partner are more likely to forgive, reduces feelings of stress, restore feelings of closeness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others or the tendency to become more consistent with group standards |
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|
Term
| Informational Social Influence (ISI); |
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Definition
| refers to the influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior |
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Term
| Sherif (1930s) study example result |
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Definition
| Task was to estimate how far light moved while sitting in a completely dark room (auto-kinetic effect; idea that a stable point of light moves when there is not a reference point) |
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Term
| Sherif (1930s) study example |
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Definition
| Results indicated that people used each other as a source of information, coming to believe that the group estimate was correct |
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Term
| When do people conform to ISI? |
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Definition
| When the situation is ambiguous – most important variable, crisis situation, when others are experts |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normative Social Influence (NSI) |
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Definition
| refers to the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be like and accepted by them |
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Term
| Asch (1950s) study example result |
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Definition
| Task was to determine which of three comparison lines was closest to the standard line. There is no ambiguity |
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Term
| Asch (1950s) study example |
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Definition
| 76% conformed on at least one trial, 4. Overall, subjects gave the wrong answer 33% of the time |
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Term
| When do people conform to NSI? Important variables |
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Definition
| group size, unanimity, commitment to the group, what culture you were raised in, public response |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to both positive and negative forces that keep you in a group |
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Term
|
Definition
| people conform more when people respond publicly |
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Term
|
Definition
| People are afraid of being rejected, embarrassed, being wrong, ridicule |
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Term
|
Definition
| find an ally, idiosyncrasy credits |
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Term
|
Definition
| idea that conforming to NSI most of the time earns you the right to deviate occasionally without serious consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the idea that individuals or small minorities can resist group pressure and begin to exert pressure of their own |
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|
Term
| Minority influence important factors |
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Definition
| Consistency, flexibility and social context |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to performance of an act at another’s request |
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|
Term
| Raven’s Six Bases of Power |
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Definition
| Each reflects a different type of resource a person might use to influence someone |
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Term
|
Definition
| comes from influencers ability to provide you with something you want in exchange for compliance (if you do jumping jacks I will give you extra credit points, go be mean to that person and you will be allowed into our clique) |
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Term
|
Definition
| comes from influencers ability to punish you for failure to comply with request (20 jumping jacks or everyone looses 20 points from the next exam), often leads to hostility in the person you are trying to influence and eventually they will not want to comply with you |
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Term
|
Definition
| comes from your belief that the influencer has superior knowledge/abilities/skills in a certain domain |
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Term
|
Definition
| influences ability to prove information that convinces you that they are right |
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Term
|
Definition
| comes from your desire to be similar to the influencer, all the influencer has to do to get you to comply is acknowledge that he or she engages in X behavior |
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Term
| Legitimate authority power |
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Definition
| comes from your acceptance that a particular person has the right to tell you what to do because of their role/position/job (bosses, teachers, parents, judges, police, etc.) |
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Term
| Specific Compliance Techniques |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| people who have first agreed to a small are then asked to comply with a larger request |
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Term
| Foot-in-the-door technique - does it work? |
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Definition
| Once people agree to the small request their self image changes and may view themselves differently |
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Term
|
Definition
| people are asked to agree to something on the basis of incomplete information and then they are told the whole story |
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Term
| Low-ball - why does it work? |
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Definition
| The illusion of irrevocability is in place (you can’t take it back), b. The commitment triggers the anticipation of an exciting event, c. Even though, the price is higher than you thought it would be, it probably is only slightly higher than what you expected |
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Term
|
Definition
| people are presented first with a large request and you expect them to say no to that large request. The reason you ask for a large request is so that you can get a smaller more manageable (reasonable) request |
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Term
| Door in the Face - why does it work? |
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Definition
| Reciprocity norm- the idea that you feel obligated to treat people in the same way they treat you |
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Term
| Door in the Face - example |
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Definition
| 50% of subjects who were asked larger request first would say yes to second smaller request. Only 17% of people asked the second request only said yes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Again, notion of reciprocity- “the seller is being nice, so you should be nice” |
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Term
|
Definition
| reactance and over-justification |
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Term
|
Definition
| too much pressure sometimes causes people to do the opposite of what you intend them to do. People do not like their sense of freedom/autonomy threatened, i.e. motorcycle helmet laws |
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Term
|
Definition
| If you are really rewarding someone and you give them too much reward than they start to loose intrinsic value of the event |
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Term
| Reasons Destructive Obedience Occurs |
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Definition
| 1. persons in authority assumes responsibility, 2. have visible signs of their status and power, 3. commands are gradual in nature and do not start out extreme, events are fast-paced (people have little chance to think) |
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|
Term
| Factors that increased compliance in Milgram study |
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Definition
| 1. prestige of Yale, importance of study, pay, thought they received a role by chance, legitimate authority, shocks, little time for reflection |
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Term
| Factors that decreased compliance in Milgram study |
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Definition
| absence of experimenter, personally responsible for actions, when others disobey, when authority was questioned, when people are sensitized to consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| Helping someone is often done for personal gain, b. Another possibility is that people help because they feel empathy for another and want to reduce the victim’s pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conclusion- Some people do behave altruistically |
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Term
| Evolutionary perspective explanation |
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Definition
| If you are told that this person is similar to you then you believe that they have the same or similar genetics as you. This means that when you help similar people out that you help your genes to survive |
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Term
|
Definition
| Why do we spend time doing things that benefit others? b. Evolutionary theorists argue that we do so because of selfish reasons |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helping our genetic relatives. The greater the relatedness, the more likely we are to help. (more likely to help a brother over a cousin). Not true altruism; really helping our genes to further survive |
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Term
|
Definition
| helping non-relatives. Those who cooperate with humans have better chance of survival. Cave men working together have better chance at killing wooly mammoth then by themselves. “I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine” Possibility of cheating; who benefits? The person who gets help but doesn’t help back |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. Noticing an event/interpreting it as an emergency |
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Definition
| Some situations are more ambiguous and certainty of emergency plays a factor |
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|
Term
| 2. Assuming Responsibility |
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Definition
| When people assume personal responsibility, they are significantly more likely to help |
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|
Term
| 3.Weighing the costs and benefits |
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Definition
| The greater the perceived cost, the less likely someone will help |
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Term
|
Definition
| Time constraints, energy, inconvenience, safety |
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|
Term
| Costs associated with not helping |
|
Definition
| guilt, negative evaluations of others |
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|
Term
| Benefits from helping others |
|
Definition
| increase self esteem, you think you are a hero, people think positively of you |
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|
Term
| 4. Deciding how to take action and help |
|
Definition
| Decide what type of assistance is necessary |
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|
Term
| Determinants of Pro-social Behavior |
|
Definition
| Altrustic personality, mood, religiosity, gender |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Complicated relationship between mood and if they are going to help someone |
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|
Term
| “Feel good do good” effect |
|
Definition
| “Feel good do good” effect |
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|
Term
| “Feel good do good” effect explanations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a good mood tends to help you give people the benefit of the doubt, helping prolongs our good mood, good moods increase self-esteem |
|
|
Term
| Negative-state relief hypothesis |
|
Definition
| idea that you help to make yourself feel better, no matter what causes the sadness |
|
|
Term
| Negative-state relief hypothesis - caveats |
|
Definition
| If we are so focused on how bad we are feeling, ii. If you think that helping may make you feel better, or if there is another way to make you feel better you may do that |
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Term
|
Definition
| helping softens a bad mood and sustains a good mood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Religiosity - survey example |
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Definition
| 24% of people in the survey went to religious service weekly, of the 24% they are giving 48% of the charitable donations |
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Term
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Definition
| Who helps more, women or men? It depends |
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Term
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Definition
| Women are considered the more helpful gender |
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Term
| Gender stereotypes and expectations lead men and women to help in different circumstances |
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Definition
| Two scenarios; storm the cockpit during 9/11 (men), women are more likely to help a disabled neighbor |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of bystanders and rural vs. urban environments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help |
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Term
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Definition
| Purpose: How students transitioned to college like, d. Results: if the subject thought it was just her and the victim, 85% got help in the first minute |
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Term
| Explanations for by-stander effect |
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Definition
| the diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, evaulation apprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| If you assume no help is needed because no one else looks concerned |
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Definition
| afraid of judgments from by-stander, worried they are doing something wrong |
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Term
| Rural vs. urban environments |
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Definition
| Research has found that people in rural areas help more |
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Term
| Rural vs. urban environments - explanations |
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Definition
| People who live in small towns may be more neighborly, Urban-overload hypothesis |
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Term
| Urban-overload hypothesis |
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Definition
| people living in big cities get overloaded by sensory images they receive |
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Term
| Urban-overload hypothesis Support for: |
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Definition
| The size of the town where you group up is not related to helping behavior and Population density (# of people per sq. mile) if more related to helping than population size |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Victim |
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Definition
| Likeability and victim responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity and attractiveness, We are more likely to help those who are similar to us in basic demographics (age, race, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Would homosexual stranger receive less help than heterosexual stranger? Results: a. When asked to call Mike’s girlfriend, 70% of them women did, 90% agreed to call girlfriend, b.When asked to call Mike’s boyfriend, 35% of women, 30% of men made the call to his boyfriend |
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Term
| Importance of Attractiveness |
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Definition
| True of men and women, in lab and field settings, in emergency and nonemergency situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Role of irresponsibility or carelessness we assume it is up to that person to fix it |
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