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| a popular but ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits |
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| branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
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| a nerve cell; the basic building block of he nervous system |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
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| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
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| neurons within the brain and spinal cord hat communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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| the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell |
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| the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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| a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fivers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
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| a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
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| electrically charged atoms |
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| positive-outside/negative-inside state |
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| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft |
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| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse |
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| a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron |
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| natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
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| enables muscle action, learning, and memory; with Alzheimer's diseases, ACh-producing neurons deteriorated |
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| influences movement, leaning, attention, and emotion; excess of this is linked to schizophrenia, deprivation of this causes Parkinson's disease |
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| affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; undersupply is linked with depression |
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| helps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood; undersupply linked with seizure, tremors, and insomnia |
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| a major inhibitory neurotransmitter; undersupply linked with seizures, tremors, and insomnia |
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| a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; over supply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures |
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| molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor and mimic its effects |
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| the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all he nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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| the brain and the spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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| bundled axons that form neural "cables" connection the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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| the division of he peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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| the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the automatic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
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| a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response |
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| the brain's neurons cluster into work groups |
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| an information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain |
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| the body's slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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| chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues |
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| a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress |
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| the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary endocrine glands |
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