Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Unit 3/Labor & Delivery
Maternal & Child Nursing Care/Queens University Charlotte, NC
171
Nursing
Not Applicable
04/08/2012

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Guidelines for Contraception
Combined Oral Contraceptives, Nuva Ring, Depo-Provera
Definition
Stop using and have 2-3 normal menses before attempting to conceive.
Term
Guidelines for Contraception
IUD
Definition
Stop using and wait 1 month before attempting to conceive
Term
Childbirth Preparation
Lamaze
Definition
Psychoprophylactic
Disassociation relaxation
Controlled muscular relaxation
Breathing patterns
Term
Childbirth Preparation
Kitzinger
Definition
Sensory-Memory
Chest breathing in conjunction with abdominal relaxation
Uses elements of Stanislavsky method of acting in a way to teach relaxation
Term
Childbirth Preparation
Bradley
Definition
Partner-coached
Working in harmony with the body using controlled breathing and deep abdominopelvic breathing
Promoting general body relaxation
Term
Childbirth Preparation
HypnoBirthing
Definition
Deep relaxation
Deep breathing
Slow breathing
Breathing the baby down
Maintaining comfort and eliminating pain
Term
Incompetent Cervix
Definition
Premature dilatation of the cervix usually in the 4th/5th month.
Term
Preeclampsia
Definition
Most common hypertensive disorder in pregnancy
An increase in BP AFTER 20 weeks gestation accompanied by proteinuria.
Term
Eclampsia
Definition
Generalized seizures or coma
Term
HELLP Syndrome
Definition
Hemolysis
Elevated liver enzymes
Low platelet count
Term
Mild Preeclampsia
Definition
Few or no symptoms
BP 140/90 or higher
1+ proteinuria
Liver enzymes slightly elevated
Term
Severe Preeclampsia
Definition
May develop suddenly
BP 160/110 or higher on two readings at least 6 hrs. apart
Proteinuria of 5g or higher in a 24-hr. collection OR dipstick is 3+ to 4+ on two random samples at least 4 hrs. apart.
Term
Eclampsia Treatment
Definition
Bolus 4-6 g. mag sulfate IV over 5 minutes
Antihypertensive agents to keep diastolic between 90-100
Sedative if mag sulfate isn't controlling seizures
Lasix if there is pulmonary edema
Term
Cure for Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
Definition
Birth!
Term
Anesthesia precautions in woman with preeclampsia/eclampsia
Definition
Spinal or epidural contraindicated in the presence of coagulopathy or a platelet count of less than 50,000
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
BP
Definition
Assess every 1-4 hours
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Temperature
Definition
Assess every 4 hours, or every 2 if elevated
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
FHR
Definition
Check along with BP OR monitor continuously if the situation indicates
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Urinary Output
Definition
Assess with every voiding.
If catheter, every hour.
700 mL or greater in 24 hrs. OR at least 30 mL/hr
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Urine Protein
Definition
Assess with every voiding.
If catheter, every hour.
Readings of 3+ or 4+ indicate loss of 5 g. or more in 24 hrs.
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Urine Specific Gravity
Definition
Assess with every voiding.
If catheter, every hour.
Readings OVER 1.040 correlate with oliguria and proteinuria
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Weight
Definition
Check daily at same time
May omit if woman is on strict bedrest
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Pulmonary Edema
Definition
Observe for coughing
Auscultate lungs for moist respirations
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
DTR
Definition
Check for hyperreflexia in brachial, wrist, patellar or Achilles'
Patellar is easiest.
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Clonus
Definition
Abnormal finding
Vigorous dorsiflexion of foot while knee is held in fixed position: present IF foot "jerks" or taps the examiner's hand.
Count number of taps or beats and record it.
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Placental separation
Definition
Check hourly for vaginal bleeding and uterine rigidity
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Headache
Definition
Ask about existence and location
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Vision
Definition
Ask about changes, blurring. or scotomata.
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Epigastric pain
Definition
Ask about this pain.
Differentiate from simple heartburn (familiar feeling and less intense)
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
Lab Blood Tests
Definition
Hematocrit
BUN
Creatinine
Uric acid
Clotting studies
Liver panel
Electrolytes
Mag levels in women receiving mag sulfate
Term
Assessment: Preeclampsia
LOC
Definition
Check for:
Alertness
Mood changes
Signs of impending convulsions
Term
Hydrops fetalis
Definition
Marked fetal anemia due to Rh Hemolytic disease
Term
Rh Hemolytic Disease
Cascade of effect which leads to:
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Definition
Hydrops fetalis
CHF
Marked jaundice
Neurologic damage
Term
Rh Immune Globulin (RhoGAM)
When to administer in an Rh neg woman who is NOT sensitized:
Definition
28 Weeks
Term
Toxoplasmosis
Causes
Definition
Eating raw or undercooked meat
Drinking unpasteurized goat's milk
Contact with cat feces
Term
Toxoplasmosis
Treatment
Definition
1st trimester: Spiramycin (can be obtained through CDC)
After 1st trimester: Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
Term
Rubella
VIRUS, also known as:
Definition
German measles
Term
Rubella Transmission
Definition
Across the placenta to the fetus
Term
Rubella Syndrome
Definition
Isolation of infants born with this
Term
Rubella treatment
Definition
PREVENTION!
Vaccination of all children
Vaccination of women of reproductive age (IF titer is less than 1:8 there is a susceptibility to rubella)
Term
CMV: Transmission
Definition
Across placenta to fetus OR
Cervical route during birth
Term
CMV consequences
Definition
Fetal infection
Fetal death
Neonatal disorders: Probably most common cause of mental retardation
Term
CMV: Treatment
Definition
None exists. Prevention is KEY.
Term
Herpes Simplex Virus: HSV-1 or HSV-2
Transmission
Definition
Ascending infection during birth: after membranes rupture OR
Transplacental (rare!)
Term
HSV-1 or HSV-2
Treatment for mom and/or infant
Definition
Acyclovir
Term
Precaution if there is an active outbreak of HSV at time of labor
Definition
C-Section
Term
Group B Streptococcal Infection (GBS)
Transmission
Definition
Vertical from mother during birth OR
Horizontal from colonized medical personnel OR
colonized infants
Term
GBS, when to culture
Definition
36 weeks (book says 35-37 weeks)
Term
GBS, treatment
Definition
Initial dose of Penicillin G (5 million units)
Follow initial dose with 2.5 million units, IV, every 4 hours until delivery.
Ampicillin may also be used, 2 g. IV initial dose, followed by 1 g every 4 hours until birth.
Term
True Pelvis
Definition
Forms bony canal through which fetus must pass
Divided into three sections
Term
True pelvis: Sections
Definition
Inlet- where it curves in
Pelvic cavity - opening in middle
Outlet - where the baby comes out
Term
Fetal Skull: Parts
Definition
Face
Base of skull
Vault of cranium - top of head
Term
Molding
Definition
Cranial bones overlap under pressure of labor and demands of unyielding pelvis
Term
Fetal attitude
Definition
Relation of fetal parts to one another
Term
Normal fetal attitude
Definition
Moderate flexion of the head
Flexion of the arms onto the chest
Flexion of legs onto the abdomen
Term
Fetal lie
Definition
Where the head is and relationship of fetal spinal column to mom's spinal column.
Longitudinal
Transverse
Term
Fetal presentation
Definition
What is coming through first...
determined by fetal lie and by the body part that enters the pelvic passage first.
Term
Fetal presentation: Types
Definition
Cephalic
Breech
Shoulder
Term
Engagement
Definition
Largest diameter of presenting part reaches or passes through the pelvic inlet
Term
Station
Definition
Refers to relationship of presenting part to imaginary lines drawn between the ischial spines of the maternal pelvis.
How far down is the baby?
Term
Zero station
Definition
Ischial Spines
Term
Station: Negative numbers
Definition
Presenting part is higher than the ischial spines
-5 = at the pelvic inlet
Term
Station: Positive numbers
Definition
Presenting part has passed the ischial spines
+4 = pelvic outlet
Term
Primary force of labor
Definition
Uterine muscular contractions
Term
Secondary force of labor
Definition
Use of abdominal muscles to push
Term
Frequency
Definition
the time between the beginning of one contraction and the beginning of the next contraction
Term
Duration
Definition
measured from the beginning of a contraction to the completion of that same contraction
Term
Intensity
Definition
refers to the strength of the contraction during acme.
Estimated by palpating fundus or measured directly by intrauterine catheter
Term
Increment
Definition
build-up of the contraction
Term
Acme
Definition
peak of the contraction
Term
Decrement
Definition
Letting up of the contraction
Term
Progesterone
Definition
Causes relaxation of smooth muscle tissue.
Toward the end of gestation, availability to myometrial cells decreases making it easier to stimulate contractions.
Term
Estrogen
Definition
Causes stimulation of uterine muscle contractions
Term
Contraction
Definition
Pressure of fetal head causes cervical dilation
Rectum and vagina are drawn upward and forward with each one.
During 2nd stage: anus everts
Term
Premonitory Signs of Labor:
B,B,C,D, L, M, N, W
Definition
Bloody show
Braxton-Hicks
Cervical changes
Diarrhea
Lightning
Membrane rupture
Nesting
Weight loss of 1-3 lbs.
Term
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
Definition
Intermittent contractions
Irregular
Cause more discomfort closer to onset of labor
Term
True Labor
Definition
Regular intervals
Longer, stronger, closer together
Discomfort begins in back and radiates around to front
Walking intensifies contractions!
Resting or relaxing in warm water doesn't decrease intensity
Contractions produce cervical dilatation
Term
False Labor
Definition
Irregular contractions
Lessened by walking, rest or warm water
Discomfort felt primarily in abdomen
Contractions do not dilate cervix
Term
1st Stage of Labor
Definition
3 phases:
Latent
Active
Transition
Term
Latent
Definition
Beginning of regular, usually mild contractions
May begin: Duration: 30 seconds/Frequency: 10-30 min.
Progress to: Duration: 30-40 seconds/Frequency: 5-7 min.
0-3 cm.
Term
Latent
Nullipara:
Multipara:
Definition
Nullipara: averages 8.6 hours, not exceeding 20
Multipara: averages 5.3 hours, not exceeding 14 hours
Term
Active
Definition
Fetal descent is progressive
4-7 cm.
Term
Active
Nullipara
Multipara
Definition
Nullipara:1.2 cm/hr
Multipara: 1.5 cm/hr
Term
Transition
Definition
More frequent contractions
Duration: 60-90 seconds
Frequency: 1.5-2 minutes
8-10 cm.
Term
Transition
Nullipara
Multipara
Definition
Nullipara: 3 hours
Multipara: 1 hour
Term
Second Stage
Definition
Stage of Expulsion
Begins with complete dilation and ends with delivery of baby
Term
Third Stage
Definition
Placental stage
Begins immediately after baby is born and ends when the placenta is delivered
Term
Fourth Stage
Definition
Maternal Homeostatic Stabilization
Begins after the delivery of placenta and continues for 1-4 hours after delivery.
INCREASED PULSE
DECREASED BP
Uterus should be located below umbilicus
Term
Latent psychological
Definition
Relief that labor has begun
High excitement with some anxiety
Term
Active psychological
Definition
Fear of loss of control
Anxiety increases
Term
Transition psychological
Definition
increased feelings of anxiety
irritability
eager to complete the birth process
need to have support person or nurse at bedside
Term
Placental separation
Definition
Globular-shaped uterus
Rise of fundus in the abdomen
Sudden gush or trickle of blood
Further protrusion of cord from vagina
Term
Respiratory alkalosis
Definition
Acid/Base: Result of hyperventilation during labor
Term
Mild metabolic acidosis compensated by respiratory alkalosis
Definition
Acid/BaseL End of 1st Stage
Term
Mild respiratory acidosis
Definition
Acid/Base: During pushing in 2nd stage, PaCO2 levels may rise
Term
Metabolic acidosis uncompensated for by respiratory alkalosis
Definition
Acid/Base: End of second stage
Term
Electronic Fetal Monitoring - placement
Definition
Most accurate when it is placed where baby's back is located.
Term
Assessing Cervical Dilatation
Definition
Index finger and middle finger placed against sides of cervix to determine size of opening
Term
Cervical Effacement
Definition
Progressive thinning of cervix measured in percentages
Term
Leopold's Maneuvers
Definition
Systematic way to evaluate the maternal abdomen
Term
Prep for Leopold's Maneuvers
Definition
Empty bladder
Lie on back with feet on bed
Knees bent
Term
Normal Fetal Heart Rate
Definition
Book says: 110-160 (p. 400)
PP Slide says: 120-160
Term
Marked Fetal Tachycardia
Definition
Rate 180 bpm or greater
Term
Causes of fetal tachycardia
Definition
Early fetal hypoxia
Maternal fever
Maternal dehydration
Amnionitis
Maternal hyperthyroidism
Beta-sympathetic drugs (e.g. terbutaline, atropine)
Fetal anemia
Term
OMINOUS sign if fetal tachycardia is accompanied by:
Definition
Late decelerations
Severe variable decelerations
Decreased variability
Term
Causes of fetal bradycardia
Definition
Profound hypoxia in fetus
Maternal hypotension
Prolonged umbilical cord compression
Fetal arrhythmias
Uterine hyperstimulation (turn the PIT down!)
Abruptio placentae
Uterine rupture
Vaginal exam in second stage of labor
Term
Acceleration
Definition
Transient increases in FHR normally caused by fetal movement
Normally a reassuring sign of fetal well-being when it occurs during a contraction.
Acme of 15 bpm above baseline with duration > 15 seconds but < 2 minutes
Term
Deceleration
Definition
Periodic decreases in FHR from baseline
Term
Early deceleration
Definition
Nadir of decel matches peak of contraction
Anticipated response to contraction
The uterus is squeezing the head.
Occurs before a contraction and usually requires no interventions.
Onset to nadir is greater than or equal to 30 seconds
Term
Late deceleration
Definition
Onset, nadir, and recovery of decel FOLLOW beginning, peak, and end of contraction.
Non-reassuring sign.
Onset to nadir is greater than or equal to 30 seconds
The concern is that the squeezing of the uterus is NOT causing this.
Transmission of 02 isn't good - possibly a placental issue.
Term
Variable deceleration
Definition
Not definitive
Abrupt onset to nadir is less than 30 seconds with drop of 15 bpm below baseline for greater than or equal to 15 seconds but < 2 minutes.
The relationship to the contraction is variable.
Usually due to umbilical cord compression and require further assessment.
Term
Sinusoidal FHR pattern
Definition
No periods of normal fetal heart rate.
Associated with Rh problems, fetal anemia, severe fetal hypoxia, or a chronic fetal bleed.
Term
Reassuring EFM Tracings
Definition
Normal baseline
Accelerations with fetal movement
3-5 cycles of long-term variability per minute
Early decels may be present
Term
Non-reassuring EFM Tracings
Definition
Severe variable decels (FHR < 70 for longer than 30-45 sec along with a rising baseline OR decreasing variability OR slow return to baseline)
Late decels
Absent variability
Prolonged decels (> 60-90 sec)
Severe (marked) bradycardia (FHR baseline < 70 bpm)
Term
Nursing Interventions for Non-reassuring FHR
Definition
Maternal positioning
Maternal VS - hypotension?
IV fluids as needed
02 as needed
Stop PIT
Continuous monitoring
Vaginal exam to look for prolapsed cord
Fetal blood sampling
Prep for expeditious birth
Explain to mom and partner
Give tocolytic as ordered (relax the uterus from putting pressure on the baby.)
Term
Amnioinfusion
Definition
Transcervical instillation of 250 mL of warmed sterile saline followed by a continuous infusion rate of 100-200 mL/hr.
May decrease frequency and severity of variable decels during labor.
May also be used in cases of thick meconium to decrease the consistency and incidence of meconium below the infant's vocal cords.
Term
APGAR
Definition
Her Rapid Response Made Sense
H - heart rate
R - respiratory effort
R - reflex irritability
M - Muscle tone
S - skin color
Term
Heart Rate scoring (APGAR)
Definition
> 100 = 2
< 100 = 1
Absent = 0
Term
Respiratory Effort scoring (APGAR)
Definition
Vigorous cry = 2
Slow irregular effort = 1
Absent = 0
Term
Muscle Tone scoring (APGAR)
Definition
Knees normally positioned up toward abdomen = 2
Some flexion = 1
Flaccid = 0
Term
Reflex Irritability scoring (APGAR)
Definition
Cry = 2
Grimace = 1
No response = 0
Term
Skin Color scoring (APGAR)
Definition
Totally pink = 2
Acrocyanosis = 1
Totally cyanotic = 0
Term
IV Narcotics for Laboring Mom in 1st Stage of Labor
Definition
Stadol or Nubain
Term
Regional Anesthesia
Definition
SLEP
Spinal block
Local infiltration
Epidural block
Pudendal block
Term
Epidural Block
Advantages
Definition
Excellent pain relief
No neonatal respiratory depression
Provides relief during prolonged labor and for a few hours postpartum
Term
Epidural Block
Disadvantages
Definition
Anesthesiologist or CRNA must insert
Numbness of lower extremities
Decrease in contractions
Little or no urge to push
Relaxation of musculature below injection site can result in fetal internal rotation.
May have elevated maternal temperature
Term
Epidural
Side Effects
Definition
Itching
Maternal Hypotension
Fetal bradycardia
Urinary retention
Spinal headache
Term
Nursing Interventions for Maternal Hypotension
Definition
1. Left side-lying position. (LEFT is BEST)
2. Increase rate of IV fluids
3. 02 by face mask as ordered
Term
Spinal Block
Definition
Used primarily for C-Sections
Local anesthetic directly into spinal canal
Term
Polyhydramnios
Definition
More than 2000 mL of amniotic fluid
1 % of all pregnancies
Causes: major congenital anomalies (esp. neural tube defects), maternal diabetes, large placenta, Rh sensitization
Term
Polyhydramnios Signs and Symptoms
Definition
Shortness of breath
Edema
Fundal height greater than gestational weeks
Difficulty palpating fetus using Leopold's
Term
Oligohydramnios
Definition
Less than normal amount of amniotic fluid (around 500 mL is considered normal)
Largest vertical pocket is 5 cm. or less.
Causes: Post-maturity, renal malformation of fetus (baby isn't urinating appropriately)
May see a 2-vessel cord as opposed to a 3-vessel cord
Term
Oligohydramnios Signs and Symptoms
Definition
Fundal height small for dates
Variable decels
Reduced amniotic fluid on ultrasound
Fetus easily palpated and outlined
Term
Ideal Fetal Position
Definition
Flexed with occiput in the right or left anterior quadrant of the maternal pelvis
Term
Fetal Malposition
POP -Persistent Occiput Posterior
Definition
Most common malposition
Fetus doesn't rotate but is born in the occiput posterior position.
Term
Signs of POP
Definition
Intense back labor pain caused by fetal occiput compressing the sacral nerves.
Dysfunctional labor pattern
Hypotonic labor b/c fetal head doesn't put enough pressure on the cervix
Dilatation or fetal descent slowed or stopped
Term
Fetal Normal Presentation
Definition
Occiput is presenting part
Term
Fetal Malpresentations
Definition
Breech
Brow
Compound
Face
Shoulder (transverse lie)
Term
Nursing Interventions for POP
Definition
Encourage mom to lie on her side opposite from the fetal back to help with rotation
Knee-chest position
Sacral counter-pressure with heel of hand to relieve back pain.
Term
Bleeding in a pregnant woman: may mean...
Definition
Placenta previa or a placental abruption
Term
Abruptio Placentae
Definition
Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall.
Term
Marginal abruption
Definition
Placenta separates at edges.
Blood passes between the fetal membranes and the uterine wall and escapes vaginally.
Term
Central abruption
Definition
Placenta separates centrally and blood is trapped between the placenta and the uterine wall.
Concealed bleeding
Term
Complete abruption
Definition
Massive vaginal bleeding
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Onset
Definition
Sudden and stormy
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Bleeding
Definition
External or concealed
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Color of blood
Definition
Dark venous
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Anemia and Shock
Definition
Greater than apparent blood loss
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Toxemia
Definition
May be present
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Pain
Definition
Severe and steady
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Uterine tenderness
Definition
Present
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Uterine tone
Definition
FIrm to stony hard
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Uterine contour
Definition
May enlarge and change shape
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Fetal heart tones
Definition
Present or absent
Term
Placental abruption: S/S
Engagement
Definition
May be present
Term
Maternal Risks with POP
Definition
C-Section
3rd or 4th degree laceration or episiotomy
Term
Brow presentation
Definition
Forehead is presenting part
Usually converts to vertex or face presentation
Term
Face presentation
Definition
Fetal scalp electrodes should not be used
Prepare parents for facial bruising
Term
Shoulder presentation
Definition
Vaginal delivery is NOT an option
Term
Breech Types
Definition
Complete: butt first with knees flexed
Frank: butt first with legs extended
Incomplete (footling): 1 or both feet presenting, increased risk for cord prolapse.
Term
Cord Prolapse
Definition
Fetus is not firmly engaged allowing room for the cord to move beyond the presenting part.
Term
Factors that contribute to cord prolapse
Definition
ROM before presenting part engages
Small fetus
Breech, esp. footling
Transverse lie (shoulder presentation)
Term
CPD - Cephalopelvic Disproportion
Definition
Fetal head is too large to pass through the bony pelvis
Term
CPD Sign
Definition
Fetal head never descends into pelvis, even with strong contractions.
Term
Shoulder Dystocia
Definition
Obstetric emergency
Difficulty or inability to deliver the shoulders
Term
Shoulder Dystocia Causes
Definition
Gestational diabetes
Increased fundal height
Maternal obesity
"Turtle" sign - baby stretching and getting stuck.
Term
Nursing Interventions for Shoulder Dystocia
Definition
McRobert's Maneuver
Woman flexes thighs to abdomen which changes angle of pelvis and increases the pelvic diameter.
Term
Induction - CAPS
Definition
C - cervical ripening
A - amniotomy
P - pitocin
S - stripping of membranes
Term
Amniotomy
Definition
AROM - artificial rupture of membranes
2 cm. of dilation required
use amniohook
Causes release of natural prostaglandins that stimulate contractions.
Always assess color and composition of amnio fluid
Term
Cervical ripening
Definition
Softening and effacing of cervix
Cervidil - prostaglandin
Cytotec - synthetic prostaglandin
Term
Stripping of Membranes
Definition
Practitioner inserts a gloved finger into the internal os and rotates is 360 degrees twice, separating the amniotic membranes that are lying against the lower uterine segment.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!