Term
| Define Ecological Succession |
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Definition
| The ability to survive in environmental conditions and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
"cold lovers"
Bacteria are either dormant or in suspended animation (not dead)
Group I:optimum temp is 15C
Group II: optimum temp 20-30C and contain spoilage microbes |
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Term
| What is the most common type of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Optimum temp 25-40C
Includes most disease-causing organisms
Like room to body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Optimum growth 50-60C
Not considered a public health problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that grow optimally at more than 80C |
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Term
| Define differential media |
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Definition
| Media that uses pH indicators to distinguish between bacterial species and their enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that are tolerant of acid pH |
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Term
| Define Obligate Acidophile |
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Definition
| Bacteria that produce acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that like pH greater than 7.5 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that like environments high in sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that can live in arid environments |
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Term
| Our environment has approximately ___% oxygen and __% nitrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to test the oxygen requirement for a species? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Commonly used to ID bacteria
In human cells
Causes peroxide to bubble
Strict aerobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that produce peroxide intracellularly as a result of cell respiration |
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Term
| What is the best example of a facultative anaerobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What genus is the best example of strict anaerobes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Aerobic Grow only in Oxygen concentration less than air Optimum oxygen concentration is 1%-15% |
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Term
| What are the main macronutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that get most of their Carbon from carbs, proteins, and lipids and their energy from inorganic compounds |
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Term
| What process forms a gradient across membranes to produce ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridium is a _____ anaerobe |
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Definition
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Term
| Sulfur contributes to what configuration of protein structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for micronutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemically defined in the identity and amount of each component of the media |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemically undefined and made up of nutrients such as extracts from yeast, meat, or plants |
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Definition
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Term
| At what temperature does agar liquefy and solidify? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of general purpose media? |
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Definition
Nutrient agar (NA)
Trypticase soy agar (TSA) |
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Term
| What are fastidious organisms? |
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Definition
| Organisms that require growth factors to reproduce |
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Term
| What are two examples of enriched media? |
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Definition
| Chocolate agar and Blood agar |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of microbial growth? |
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Definition
| Lag, Log, Stationary, and Death |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for a cell to divide and for the population to double |
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Term
| Temperature, subculturing, and chemostat use maintain the _____ of a bacterial culture |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Apparatus that keeps the population in exponential growth phase by draining spent media and adding fresh media |
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Term
| What is the formula for bacterial metabolism? |
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Definition
M= A+C
anabolic reactions plus catabolic reactions |
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Term
| What chemical is used in OXYGENIC photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Making ATP from ADP is the result of what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| Making ATP from ADP is the result of what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms are black and purple bacteria? |
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Definition
| Anoxygenic photoautotrophs |
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Term
| Identify: ATP generating process where the final hydrogen receptor is an inorganic molecule |
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Definition
| Anaerobic cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| the final H receptor is oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| final H receptor is another molecule other than oxygen |
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Glycolysis requires oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP are produced by the Kreb Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must be present for the Kreb's cycle to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the ETS cycle occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| the cell membrane; mitochondrial membrane/cristae |
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Term
| What type of molecule is used as the final H receptor in fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms form a fermentation end product? |
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Definition
| Streptococcus, Clostridium, E. coli, and Saccharomyces |
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Term
| At what temperature does the autoclave function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process removes microbes from liquids or gases? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The complete removal/destruction of microorganisms and their spores |
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Term
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Definition
| the destruction of vegetative pathogens on INANIMATE objects |
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Term
True or False:
Disinfection destroys spores |
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Definition
| False; sterilization does |
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Term
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Definition
| Destruction of vegetative pathogens directed at living tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleaning technique intended to REDUCE microbial count on eating or drinking utensils |
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Term
| Describe the process of sanitization |
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Definition
| Washing followed by dipping in a chemical disinfectant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| High Temperature Short Time |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of physical control of microbial growth that requires no refrigeration and has a shelf life of 3 months |
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Term
| Classic _____brought temperature to 63C for 30 minutes |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower temperatures are _____ but not ______ |
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Definition
| bacteriostatic; bacteriocidal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms are resistant to dessication? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for lyophilization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
| The use of high concentrations of salt/sugar to preserve food |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of sterilization that uses small pores in filters to trap microbes; for use on vaccines, antibiotics, and culture media |
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Term
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Definition
| High Efficiency Particulate Air filter |
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Term
| What types of radiation kill microorganisms? |
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Definition
| Ionizing and non-ionizing |
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Term
| What rays are the shortest and cause the most damage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of radiation is used for disposable medical supplies? |
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Definition
| Electron beam radiation; used by post offices to get rid of anthrax in mail |
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Term
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Definition
| Thymine bases covalently bonded together as a result of UV light exposure |
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Term
| What are the main differences between food spoilage and food poisoning? |
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Definition
| Food spoilage has visuals signs that doesn't necessarily make the food unsafe to eat. Food poisoning bacteria have no visual signs and will cause sickness |
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Term
| What are some methods of preventing food spoilage? |
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Definition
| Osmotic pressure, alcohol, organic acids, nitrogen salts, sulfites and antibiotic use |
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Term
| What is the #1 food borne illness in the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pathogen is not affected by the acid of the stomach because its disease site is the large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a dangerous complication of E. coli ingestion? |
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Definition
| hemolytic uremia syndrome; blood in urine--> kidney failure |
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Term
| What pathogen is capable of growing at refrigerator temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What food has been responsible for most of the reported E. coli cases to date? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the phenol coefficient test? |
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Definition
| standard against which all disinfectants are rated |
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Term
| Vibrio vulnificus is ____philic |
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Definition
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Term
| At what temperature should hot and cold foods be kept? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who first used phenol and why? |
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Definition
| Joseph lister; to control surgical infections |
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Term
| What is the phenol coefficient test? |
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Definition
| standard against which other disinfectants are rated |
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Term
| Define povidone iodides and give 2 examples |
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Definition
| Chemical that improves wetting action and serves as a reservoir for free iodine; betadine and iodine |
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Term
| What is the most effective form of cholorine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohols effectively kill bacteria and fungi but not _____ viruses and _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two most commonly used alcohols? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of silver is used as an antiseptic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What aldehyde is used ONLY in funeral homes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What aldehyde is used in funeral homes AND hospitals? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
FORMALDEHYDE is the more effective and less irritating of the aldehydes |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidizing agents are good for ____ _____ irrigation |
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Definition
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Term
| What gases are explosive and toxic in pure form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What WILL destroy prions? |
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Definition
| Boiling in NaOH followed by autoclaving IN COMBINATION |
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Term
| Chemotherapeutic agents have ____ toxicity |
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Definition
| selective; kills microorganism without damaging the host |
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Term
| What was the first TRUE antibiotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a specific example of a superinfection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name two chemical causes of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| mutations and transmission of antibiotic plasmids (R plasmids) |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target of penicillin in cells? |
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Definition
| the synthesis of peptidoglycan wall of ACTIVELY growing cells |
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Term
| What antibiotic causes injury to the bacteria's cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What accounts for the selective toxicity of antibiotics in the inhibition of protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes |
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Term
| Streptomycin and gentamycin are ____ antibiotics |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States? |
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Definition
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