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Unit 2 Vocabulary
Whee
79
Economics
Undergraduate 1
02/02/2016

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Term
Aggregate expenditures/spending
Definition
the total spending on domestically produced final goods and services in the economy; the sum of consumer spending, investment spending, govt purchases of goods and services, and exports minus imports
Term
Aggregate output
Definition
the economy's total production of goods and services for a given time period
Term
Aggregate price level
Definition
a measure of the overall level of prices in the economy
Term
Base year
Definition
Term
Bond
Definition
a loan in the form of an IOU that pays interest
Term
Chain-linking
Definition
the method of calculating changes in real GDP using the average between the growth rate calculated using an early base year and the growth rate calculated using a late base year.
Term
Consumer price index
Definition
measures the cost of the market basket of a typically urban American family
Term
Consumer spending/personal
Definition
household spending on goods and services
Term
Consumption expenditures
Definition
Expenses incurred in consumption, as opposed to expenses
Term
Consumption of fixed capital
Definition
represents the amount of fixed assets used up, during the period under consideration, as a result of normal wear and tear and foreseeable obsolescence, including a provision for losses of fixed assets as a result of accidental damage which can be insured against.
Term
Cost of living adjustments
Definition
An adjustment made to Social Security and supplemental security income in order to adjust benefits to counteract the effects of inflation.
Term
Cyclical unemployment
Definition
the deviation of the actual rate unemployment from the actual rate
Term
Declining economy
Definition
general economic decline and is typically accompanied by a drop in the stock market, an increase in unemployment, and a decline in the housing market.
Term
Discouraged workers
Definition
nonworking people who are capable of working but have given up looking for a job due to the state of the job market
Term
Disinflation
Definition
the process of bringing the inflation rate down
Term
Disposable income
Definition
income plus government transfers minus taxes; the total amount of household income avail to spend on consumption and to save
Term
Efficiency wages
Definition
wages that employers set above the equilibrium wage rate as an incentive for better employee performance
Term
Employed
Definition
people who are currently working for pay in the economy
Term
Expanding economy
Definition
phase of the business cycle when the economy moves from a trough to a peak. It is a period when business activity surges and gross domestic product expands until it reaches a peak.
Term
Expenditures approach
Definition
an approach to calculating GDP by adding up aggregate spending on domestically produced final goods and services in the economy- the sum of the consumer spending , investment spending, govt purchase of goods and services, and exports minus imports
Term
Exports
Definition
goods and services sold to other countries
Term
Factor Markets
Definition
where resources, especially capital and labor, are bought and sold
Term
Final goods and services
Definition
goods and services sold to the final or end user
Term
Financial markets
Definition
the markets (banking, stock, and bond) that channel private savings and foreign lending into investment spending, govt borrowing, and foreign borrowing.
Term
Firm
Definition
an organization that produces goods and services for sale
Term
Frictional (job search unemployment) unemployment
Definition
unemployment due to the time workers spend in job search
Term
Full employment
Definition
the condition in which virtually all who are able and willing to work are employed.
Term
GDP deflator
Definition
(for a given year) 100 times the size the ratio of the nominal GDP to real GDP in that year
Term
GDP Gap
Definition
The GDP gap or the output gap is the difference between actual GDP or actual output and potential GDP
Term
GDP per capita
Definition
GDP divided by the size of the population; it is equivalent to the average GDP per person
Term
Govt Borrowing
Definition
the amount of funds borrowed by the govt in th financial markets
Term
Govt Purchases (of goods and services)
Definition
total expenditures on goods and services by federal, state, and local govts
Term
Govt transfers
Definition
payments that the govt makes to individuals without expecting a good or service in return
Term
Gross domestic product
Definition
the total value of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year
Term
Gross national product
Definition
Gross National Product. GNP is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens (including income of those located abroad), minus income of non-residents located in that country. Basically, GNP measures the value of goods and services that the country's citizens produced regardless of their location.
Term
Gross private domestic investment
Definition
The amount of private business capital which is invested in domestic production either through the purchase of fixed property or inventory. These expenditures account for approximately 15% to 18% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the US.
Term
Household
Definition
a person or group of people who share income
Term
Hyperinflation
Definition
rapid rising of general price level
Term
Imports
Definition
goods and services purchased from other countries
Term
Income approach
Definition
an approach to calculating the GDP by adding up the total factor income earned by households from firms in the economy, including rent, wages, interest, and profit.
Term
Inflation
Definition
a rising in overall price level
Term
Intermediate goods and services
Definition
goods and services bought from one firm by another firm to be used as inputs into the production of final goods and services
Term
Inventory
Definition
stocks of goods ad raw materials held to facilitate business operations
Term
Investment spending
Definition
spending on new productive physical capital, such as machinery and structures, and on changes in inventories
Term
Labor force
Definition
the number of people who are either actively employed for pay or unemployed and actively looking for work; the sum of employment and unemployment
Term
Labor force participation rate
Definition
the percentage of the population aged 16 plus that is in the labor force
Term
Marginally attached workers
Definition
would like to be employed and have looked for a job in the recent past but are not currently looking for work
Term
Market basket
Definition
a hypothetical set of consumer purchases of goods and services
Term
Menu Costs
Definition
the real costs of changing listed prices
Term
Multiple counting
Definition
wrongly including the value of intermediate goods in the GDP; counting the same good or service more than once
Term
National income (product accounts/national accounts)
Definition
keep track of the flows of money among different sectors of the economy; calculated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
Term
Natural rate of unemployment
Definition
the unemployment rate that arises from the effects of frictional plus structural unemployment
Term
Net exports
Definition
the difference between the value of exports and the value of imports
Term
Nominal GDP
Definition
the total value of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year, calculated with the prices current in the year in which the output is produced
Term
Nominal interest rate
Definition
the interest rate actually paid for a loan
Term
Non market transaction
Definition
black market, babysitting
Term
Okun's law
Definition
whereby a percentage increase in unemployment causes a 2% fall in GDP.
Term
Per Capita Output
Definition
Per capita GDP is a measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country.
Term
Price Index
Definition
measures the cost of purchasing a given market basket in a given year; the index value is normalized so that it is equal to 100 in the selected base year
Term
Private Savings
Definition
disposable income minus consumer spendig, disposable income that is not spent on consumption but rather goes into financial markets
Term
Producer price index
Definition
measures the prices of goods and services purchased by producers
Term
Product markets
Definition
where goods and services are bought and sold
Term
Real GDP
Definition
the total value of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year; calculated using the prices of a selected base year in order to remove the effects of price changes
Term
Real income
Definition
income divided by the price level to adjust for the effects of inflation or deflation
Term
Real interest rate
Definition
the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation
Term
Real Wage
Definition
the wage rate divided by the price level to adjust for the effects of inflation or deflation
Term
Recession
Definition
a period of economic downturn when output and employment are falling
Term
Recovery
Definition
A period of increasing business activity signaling the end of a recession.
Term
Seasonal unemployment
Definition
occurs when people are unemployed at certain times of the year, because they work in industries where they are not needed all year round. Tourism and farming
Term
Shoe leather costs
Definition
the increased costs of transactions caused by inflation
Term
Static economy
Definition
example tax revenue to the government.
One who follows a static economic system says if you need more tax revenue you raise taxes.
Term
Stock
Definition
a share in the ownership of a company held by a shareholder
Term
Structural unemployment
Definition
unemployment that results when workers lack the skills required for the available jobs, or there are more people seeking jobs in a labor market than there are jobs available at the current wage rate
Term
transfer payments
Definition
a payment made or income received in which no goods or services are being paid for, such as a benefit payment or subsidy.
Term
Underemployed
Definition
workers who would like to work more hours or who are overqualified for jobs
Term
Unemployed
Definition
people who are actively looking for work but aren't yet currently employed
Term
Unemployment rate
Definition
the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
Term
Value added approach
Definition
an approach to calculating the GDP by surveying firms and adding up their contributions to the value of final goods and services
Term
Potential Output
Definition
potential output (also referred to as "natural gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real gross domestic product (output) that can be sustained over the long term.
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