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a.) a unit of gas pressure;
b.) the gaseous envelope surrounding Earth, composed of four layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere |
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| all parts of Earth where water is found, including oceans, clouds, ice caps, glaciers, lakes, rivers, and underground water supplies |
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| the solid outer layer of Earth, which also includes land areas under oceans and other bodies of water |
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| a rock or other solid material from which it is profitable to recover a mineral containing a metal or other useful substances |
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| a naturally occurring solid substance commonly removed from ores to obtain a particular element of interest or value; |
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| a property of a material that permits it to be stretched into a wire without breaking |
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| the ranking of elements in order of chemical reactivity |
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| any process in which one or more electrons can be considered as gained by a chemical species |
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| any process in which one or more electrons can be considered as lost by a chemical species |
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| oxidation-reduction reactions |
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| a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction simultaneously occur |
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| the use of electrical energy to add electrons to metal ions, thus reducing them |
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| the use of high temperatures (thermal energy) to process metals or their ores |
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| the industrial extraction of metals from ores at ordinary temperatures by water-based processes |
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| electron-dot structure, Lewis dot structure, dot structure |
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| the representation of atoms, ions, and molecules where valence-electron dots surround each atom;s symbol; it is useful for indicating covalent bonding |
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| a species that causes another atom molecule, or ion to become oxidized; the oxidizing agent becomes reduced in this process |
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