Term
| Anatomy of the Respiratory System |
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Definition
Components:
Upper and Lower respiratory tracts |
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Term
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Definition
Brings in oxygen into the body
Allows for the exchange of gases
Expels carbon dioxide and other waste products |
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Term
| Structures of Upper Respiratory Tract |
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Definition
Nose and Nasal Cavity
Sinuses
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi |
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Term
Info: Upper Respiratory Tract
Ventilation: the movement of air into and out of the boy |
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Definition
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Term
| Protective Features of the Upper Respiratory Tract |
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Definition
*Hair that goes all the way down, filters the air
*Goblet cells produce mucus to trap material (foreign)
*Cilia move the trapped material toward the throat for swallowing
The blood supply close to the surface warms air and adds humidity to improve gas movement and O2 moves more efficiently
The cough and sneeze reflexes clear the airways |
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Term
| Mucus --> drain into the sinus --> nasal cavity --> throat --> GI tract --> stomach acid destroy foreign material |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The walls of the trachea and conducting bronchi are highly sensitive to irritation
When receptors in the walls are stimulated a central nervous system reflex is initiated
Cough causes air to be pushed through the bronchi tree under tremendous pressure clearing the airway of foreign irritant |
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Term
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Definition
Initiated by receptors in the nasal cavity
Forces foreign material directly out of the system
---> Opening it for more efficient flow of gases |
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Term
Info:
Marco phages move through epithelium freely |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Structures: bronchial tree, bronchioles and the alveoli include the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli |
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Term
| Layers of the bronchial tree |
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Definition
Cartilage --> keeps the tube open
Muscle --> also keeps the tube open
Both get less abundant as bronchi divide and smaller
Epithelial Cells |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs the respiratoy membrane in the alveolar sac
2 types cells of the alveoli produce surfacent |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease surface tension to keep the alveoli open for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
Controlled through the medulla in the central nervous system
Depends on a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Depends on a functioning muscular system |
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Term
| Controls Over the Respiratory System |
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Definition
Parasympathetic nerve stimulate the diaphragm contraction and inspiration
Vagal stimulation leads to bronchoconstriction
Sympathetic stiumulation leads to
* increased rate
* depth of respiration
* dilation of bronchi to allow flow of air through the system
Therefore increasing breathing rate when stress to increase O2, used in fight or flight |
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Term
| Upper Respiratory Tract Conditions |
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Definition
The Common Cold
Seasonal Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis and Laryngitis |
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Term
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Definition
• Caused a number of viruses
• Viruses invade the tissue of upper respiratory track initiating the release of histamine causing a an inflammatory response tissue swell and goblet cells increase production of mucus
o Cause: sinus pain, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, watery eyes, scratchy throat and headache
o Can lead to an ear infection (how?) |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflammation of the nasal cavity, commonly called hay fever |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the epithelial lining of the sinus cavities
Causing swelling against bone. blockage of sinus passage |
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Term
| Pharyngitis and Laryngitis |
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Definition
Infections of the pharynx and larynx
Caused by bacteria and virus
Seen frequently with the flu
Causing uncomfortable respiratory symptoms or other inflammation along with fever, muscle aches and pains, and malaise |
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Term
| Lower Respiratory Tract Conditions |
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Definition
Atelectasis
Pneumonia
Bronchitis |
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Term
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Definition
| The collapse of once expanded lung tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Result of outside pressure against the alveoli
Most commonly occurs as a result of of blockage of the airway --> prevents air from entering the alveoli --> keeps lung expanded |
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Term
Atelectasis
Manifestations and Treatment |
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Definition
crackles, dyspnea, fever, cough, hypoxia, and pain in chest wall
Treatment:
O2 delivery, assisting in ventilation |
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Term
| Pleural Effusion or Pnemonthorax |
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Definition
Air in the pleural space, exerting high pressure against the alveoli
Treatment: chest tube insertion to restore the negative pressure between the pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
*bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue
*aspiration of foreign substance into the lower respiratory tract, often in stroke patient (loss mechanism to swallow) |
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Term
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Definition
Localized swelling, engorgement and exudation of protective area
respiratory membrane affected --> decrease in gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrowed airway during the inflammation process |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when bacteria, virus, or foreign material infect the inner lining of the bronchi
This causes swelling, blood flow to the are, changes in the capillary permeability, which leakes proteins to the area
Chronic is when this condition doesn't clear |
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Term
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Definition
A chronic disease that involves the bronchi and bronchioles
Characterized by dilation of the bronchial tree and chronic infection and inflammation of the bronchial passages
Inflammation bronchial epithelial cells are replaced by scare tissue loss of protective mucus and cilila movement, plus dilation of bronchial tree chronic infection |
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Term
| Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases |
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Definition
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Cystic Fibrosis
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by reversible bronchospasm, inflammation, and hyperactive airways.
Hyperactive triggered by allergens or non allegric inhaled irritants, or by factors as exercise or emotions |
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Term
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Definition
Immediate response : histamine bronchospasm
Later response: inflammation, mucus production, and edema obstruction |
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Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Definition |
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Definition
| Permanent, chronic obstruction of airways |
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Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Causes |
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Definition
Often related to cigarette smoking
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
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Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Manifestations |
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Definition
*Airway obstruction on expiration
*Overinflated lungs and poor gas exchange
*Emphysema loss of elastic tissue, destruction of alveolar wall, collapse with expiration of wall
* Chronic bronchitis: permanent inflammation with edema, mucus secretion
*characteristics of both disorders are present |
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Term
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Definition
A hereditary disease involving the exocrine glands of respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts that results in accumulation of copious of amounts of very thick secretion in the lungs
Secretion eventually obstruct airways, leading to destruction of the airways |
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Term
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Definition
A hereditary disease involving the exocrine glands of respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts that results in accumulation of copious of amounts of very thick secretion in the lungs
Secretion eventually obstruct airways, leading to destruction of the airways |
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Term
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) |
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Definition
Causes obstruction at alveolar level
Seen in infants underdeveloped lungs and low surfactant levels(which is needed for lowereing surface tension causing them to stay open) |
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