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Unit 2: Biochemistry
Flashcards for unit 2 of biology; biochemistry
61
Biochemistry
10th Grade
10/07/2012

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Term
Element
Definition
A pure substance that can't be broken down into a simpler chemical substance
Term
Main Four Elements
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Term
Trace Elements
Definition
Elements that make up less than 0.01% of your body
Term
Compounds
Definition
A substance containing two or more elements; can be formed by both covalent and ionic bonds
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest possible particle of an element
Term
Proton
Definition
A SAP found in the nucleus that has a positive charge
Term
Electron
Definition
A SAP found in the shells/cloud and has a negative charge
Term
Neutron
Definition
A SAP found in the nucleus that has a neutral charge
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
The number of protons an atom contains
Term
Isotopes
Definition
An element that has a different number of neutrons than protons
Term
Radioactive Isotope
Definition
The nucleus breaks down over time; they're used in medicine to track the path of certain molecules
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
An atom transfers an electron to another atom
Term
Ions
Definition
Simply charged particles due to the loss or gain of an electron
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
When two atoms share electrons
Term
Molecule
Definition
Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
Term
Polar Molecule
Definition
A molecule in which opposite ends have opposite charges; unevenly charged
Term
Non-polar Molecule
Definition
A molecule that does not have an uneven charge
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
A type of weak bond between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom on another molecule
Term
Cohesion
Definition
A tendency of molecules of the same kind the stick to one another
Term
Adhesion
Definition
The attraction that can happen between two unlike molecules
Term
pH
Definition
The measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
Term
Acid
Definition
A substance that has a pH under 7; contain a high amount of hydrogen atoms (H+)
Term
Base
Definition
A substance that has a pH over 7; contain a high amount of hydroxide (-OH)
Term
Buffer
Definition
A substance that causes a resistance to change in pH
Term
Energy
Definition
The ability to do work
Term
States of Matter
Definition
Solid, liquid, and gas
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
One or more substances change to produce one or more substances
Term
Reactants
Definition
Found on he left side of an equation; chemicals that will be put together
Term
Products
Definition
Found on the right side of an equation; result of reactants being put together
Term
Activation Energy
Definition
Energy needed to start a reaction
Term
Catalysts
Definition
Reduce the amount of activation energy needed
Term
Organic Molecule
Definition
A carbon based molecule
Term
Inorganic Molecule
Definition
A non-carbon based compound
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
Organic molecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen
Term
Functional Group
Definition
A group of atoms within a molecule that interact in predictable ways with other molecules
Term
Monomers
Definition
Small molecular units
Term
Polymers
Definition
Large chains of monomers
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
Involves removing water from two molecules to join them together
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
Involves adding water to molecules so they separate
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Organic molecules that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Simple sugars that contain only one sugar unit
Term
Redox Reactions
Definition
Reactions where electrons are transferred
Term
Oxidation Reaction
Definition
When a reactant loses an electron and becomes negative
Term
Reduction Reaction
Definition
When a reactant gains an electron and becomes positive
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
Two sugar units that have been put together through dehydration synthesis
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Long polymer chains made up of many simple sugar monomers; also known as complex carbs
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Energy that is stored in the muscles of animals for quick energy
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Makes up the call walls in plant cells
Term
Lipids
Definition
Organic molecules that have a large proportion of carbon and hydrogen with less oxygen than carbs
Term
Saturated Lipids
Definition
Lipids that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, have single bonds, and are usually solid at room temperature
Term
Unsaturated Lipids
Definition
Lipids that contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, contain double bonds, and are usually liquid at room temperature
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids (typical fat)
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Fats found in all cell membranes
Term
Hydropholic Heads
Definition
Water loving
Term
Hydrophobic Tails
Definition
Water hating
Term
Proteins
Definition
Building material for your body; large complex polymers made up of amino acids
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Molecules that allow reactions to happen in your body
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
The building blocks of protein
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
Occurs when amino acids are linked together; involves dehydration synthesis
Term
Substrate
Definition
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
Term
Active Site
Definition
A particular region on the enzyme that the substrate fits into for a reaction to occur
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