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| The view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses and science flourishes through observation and experiment. |
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| An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. |
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| A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, how the enable the organism to adapt, sruvive, and floruish |
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| The science of behavior and mental processes |
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| The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
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| Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. |
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| A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. |
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| A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders. Practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy. |
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| A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, questions, read, rehearse, review. |
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| The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have forseen it. |
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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arugments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions, descerns, hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
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| And explanation using an intergrated set of principles that organizes and predicts evidence. |
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| A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
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| A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. |
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| Repeating teh essence of a research study, usually with different participants in a different situation. |
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| An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people. usually by questioning a representative sample. |
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| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation. |
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| A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together & thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
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| The perception of a relationship where none exists. |
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| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. |
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| An inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent such as a drug to see if it triggers effects believed to characterize the active agent. |
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| An experimental procedure in which both the participants and staff are ignorant. |
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| The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to the independent variable. |
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| The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation. |
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| Assigning participants to experimental & control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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| The experimental factor that is manipulated. |
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| The experimental factor- in psychology, the behavior or mental process that is being measured. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, & traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| A branch of psychology concerned with the link between biology and behavior. |
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| A cell nerve; the basic building blocks of the nervous system. |
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| The bushy, branching, extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
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| The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. |
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| A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. |
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| A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. |
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| The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. |
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| The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gay at this junction is called the synaptic gap or the cleft. |
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| Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. |
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| "Morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. |
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| The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system consisting of all the never cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
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| The brain and spinal cord. |
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| Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect with the central nervous system with muscles glands, and sense organs. |
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| Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. |
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| Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
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| Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. |
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| The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. |
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| The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
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| A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. |
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| The body's slow chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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| Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another. |
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| A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, which help to arouse the body in times of stress. |
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| The endocrines system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls the other endocrine glands. |
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| the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull, the brain stem is responsible for automatic survival functions |
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| The base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing. |
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| A nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. |
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| The brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. |
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| The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain stem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance. |
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| A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus. |
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| Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. |
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| A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. |
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| The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. |
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| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. |
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| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex. |
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| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field. |
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| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear. |
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| And area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. |
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| The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations. |
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| Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. |
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| Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernike's area. |
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| Controls Language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. |
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| Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually found in the left temporal lobe. |
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| The large band of neural fibers connection the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. |
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| A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them. |
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| Thread like structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. |
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| A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. |
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| The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. |
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| The principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. |
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| A random error in gene replication that leads to a genetic change. |
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| The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. |
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| In psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male or female. |
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| The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. |
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| Every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. |
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| Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits off into two, creating 2 genetically identical organisms. |
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| Twins who develop from separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters but share a fetal environment. |
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| A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. |
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| The effect of one factor, depends on another factor. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitter from one generation to the next. |
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| An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. |
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| The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. |
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| The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2 X chromosomes, males have 1. And X chromosome from each parent produces a child. |
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| The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. |
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| The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the males sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |
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| Set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in teh position ought to behave. |
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| A set of expected behaviors for males and for females. |
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| One's sense of being male or female. |
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| The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |
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| The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitation and by being rewarded or punished. |
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| The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly. |
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