Term
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Definition
| the study of how the body provides the energy necessary to generate the desired output |
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|
Term
| for major sites of ATP hydrolysis during muscular work |
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Definition
| cross bridge cycle, SR calcium pump, Sarcolemma Na/K pump, neuronal membrane Na/K pump |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inability to maintain a desired power output |
|
|
Term
| fatigue is not related to ATP depletion but it is related to |
|
Definition
| the rate of ATP re-synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| rate of ATP re-synthesis is less than the rate of ATP usage |
|
|
Term
| what are the three different systems to maintain ATP |
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Definition
| oxidative, non oxidative, immediate |
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|
Term
| true or false: all three metabolic systems are operating at all times |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| immediate or borrowing energy systems consist of two parts |
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Definition
| ATP – CP or phosphagen system and myokinase system |
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Term
| what enzyme does the phosphagen system use |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a buildup of AMP forced the reaction to do what |
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Definition
| to work backwards you end up producing ADP not ATP |
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Term
| what do fast myosins due to keep AMP low |
|
Definition
| use AMP deaminase to remove ammonia |
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Term
| what do slow myosins do to keep AMP low |
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Definition
| use non specific phosphatase |
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Term
| what does fast work cause |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some advantages of the immediate or borrowing system |
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Definition
| it is a fast system, it has one step for the enzymes, and the byproducts help to activate other metabolic systems |
|
|
Term
| where does the fast system occur |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are byproducts of the immediate or borrowing system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are disadvantages of the immediate or borrowing system |
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Definition
| doesn't resynthesize ATP directly from ADP plus PI, limited by concentrations of CP and ATP, PI becomes high, re-synthesis of CP and reconversion of AMP & IMP back to ATP are costly |
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Term
| the non oxidative or intermediate system is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the key enzymes of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| hexokinase,PFK, phosphorylase |
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|
Term
| what is the rate limiting enzyme during glycolysis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quick reaction in cytoplasm, resynthesize ATP from ADP and PI, decreases PI and ADP |
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|
Term
| disadvantages of glycolysis |
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Definition
| depends on glycogen and glucose, dependent on NAD, multiple steps, resynthesizes a small amount of ATP, the end product buildup will slow the system down. Eventually |
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Term
| the oxidative pathway is found |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| you don't have to pay back interest |
|
|
Term
| part one of the oxidative pathway is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| part two of the oxidative pathway |
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Definition
| electron transport system |
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|
Term
| what is the purpose of the Krebs cycle |
|
Definition
| to break down the compound Acetyl CoA and make the compounds NADH & FADH |
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Term
|
Definition
| by breaking down carbohydrates, lipids or proteins |
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Term
| enzymes of the Krebs cycle are |
|
Definition
| citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase |
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Term
| the rate limiting enzyme of the Krebs cycle is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of glycolysis is |
|
Definition
| to degrade glucose into 2 pyruvate and produce 2 ATP |
|
|
Term
| the function of Krebs cycle is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are accelerators of glycolysis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the electron transport system |
|
Definition
| using NADH and FADH to resynthesize ATP |
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|
Term
| the key compound of the electron transport system is |
|
Definition
| cytochrome C (iron containing compound) |
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|
Term
| each turn of the Krebs cycle produces |
|
Definition
| three NADH, one FADH, 10 ATP |
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|
Term
| what is the purpose of oxygen in the oxidative system |
|
Definition
| to remove H+ to ensure the electron transport system to keep going |
|
|
Term
| how does oxygen help the electron transport system to proceed |
|
Definition
| oxygen serves as a hydrogen acceptor and it combined to form water |
|
|
Term
| the oxidative system uses how many more ATP then glycolysis |
|
Definition
| 15 times more ATP, but it takes 2 to 3 min. before it kicks in |
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|
Term
| what's the fastest shuttle |
|
Definition
| glycerol phosphate shuttle |
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|
Term
| what's the slowest shuttle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why does NADH from glycolysis yield less ATP |
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Definition
| NADH can't cross membranes, glycolysis produces NADH in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| in highly aerobic muscle which shuttle is used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the malate aspartate shuttle work |
|
Definition
| shuttles directly from cytoplasmic NADH to mitochondrial NADH and thus no energy loss |
|
|
Term
| how is the shuttle for the skeletal muscle, glycerol phosphate used |
|
Definition
| H+ transferred from NADH to DHAP to make glycerol phosphate which will enter the mitochondria, gives H+ to FAD, making DHAP, FADH answers the electron transport system (1.5 ATP) |
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|
Term
| how to get acetyl CoA from lipid |
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Definition
| lipolysis cleaves fatty acids from glycerol. FFA and glycerol into the bloodstream.FFA enter mitochondria (lose 2 ATP). beta oxidation |
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|
Term
| longchain FFA a needs what to transport into mitochondria |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common FFA found in humans |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FFA is cut in to 2C units of the acetyl CoA. each cut yields 1 NADH and 1 FADH. each cut will yield for ATP (via ETS). Each acetyl CoA enter Krebs cycle (3 NADH & 1 FADH & 1 GTP = 10 ATP via ETS) |
|
|
Term
| glucose makes 30 ATPs how much does steric acid make |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins broken into amino acids, amino acids are deaminated, build up of NH3 in blood, that deaminated amino acids are used to make products to enter the Krebs cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the body makes glucose from other compounds (non carbohydrate sources) |
|
|
Term
| where does gluconeogenesis occur |
|
Definition
| in the liver or it can occur in resting skeletal muscles |
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|
Term
| what muscles have a greater gluconeogenic capacity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the principal sources of gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
| lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids |
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|
Term
| oxaloacetate can only be made from what |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| fat must burn in the presence of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if no CHO is present, what happens to fat utilization, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fat utilization dependent upon |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adding an extra H+ to pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| what helps to keep glycolysis moving forward as fast as possible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does lactic acid accumulate for non-trained individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a not infrequent occurrence of lactic acid accumulation occurs when |
|
Definition
| hydrogen shuttles are blocked |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of lactic acid accumulation |
|
Definition
| when pyruvate production rate (glycolysis) exceeds the oxidative rate |
|
|
Term
| during exercise. What does the buildup of lactic acid mean |
|
Definition
| the rate of ATP hydrolysis is high and will soon exceed the rate of ATP resynthesis |
|
|
Term
| though lactic acid is not the primary cause of fatigue how can it hasten fatigue |
|
Definition
| slows down the rate of glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what are advantages of the oxidative system |
|
Definition
| not limited to a single substrate (CHO Fat Pro), larger quantities of ATP resynthesized (30),keeps ADP and PI low, maintains cytoplasmic NAD |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of the oxidative system |
|
Definition
| slow process,takes place in the mitochondria, two stages with several steps, needs O2 to keep process going, multiple pathways needed to produce acetyl coenzyme A, needs NAD to operate |
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|
Term
| the process of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| glucose into pyruvate into acetyl CoA |
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|
Term
| process of lipolysis and beta oxidation |
|
Definition
| triglyceride into FFA and FFA into acetyl CoA |
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|
Term
| process of proteolysis and deamination |
|
Definition
| proteins into amino acids and amino acid into acetyl CoA |
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|
Term
| less intense, long and slow exercise burns more |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what influences whether CHO for fact is used for ATP resynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main reason for decreased CHO use with increasing exercise duration |
|
Definition
| the decline in muscle glycogen |
|
|
Term
| why is CHO use more when exercise intensity increases |
|
Definition
| the rate of glycolysis is faster than oxidative, lactic acid inhibits lipolysis, muscle glycogen is used first at high intensities because it's on-site |
|
|
Term
| what is the lactate threshold |
|
Definition
| the point where glycolytic processes are going faster than oxidative processes |
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|
Term
| When muscle glycogen is exhausted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does blood glucose never reach zero |
|
Definition
| the brain metabolism relies mostly on blood glucose, shut down competition |
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|
Term
| fat will be used for ATP resynthesis when what is used up |
|
Definition
| muscle glycogen and liver glycogen |
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|
Term
| at the start of exercise untrained people use more what than trained people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do train people use less CHO than untrained |
|
Definition
| train the people have a greater capacity for lipolysis, greater capacity to use FFA, more mitochondria and more pathways (work longer before out of CHO) |
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|
Term
| fatigue starts to set in when CHO gets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| higher exercise intensity increases more breakdown of what |
|
Definition
| protein because during high intensity, you use proteins to make CHO |
|
|
Term
| the use of proteins is regulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are factors which influence whether CHO or FAT is used as the primary substrate during exercise |
|
Definition
| intensity, duration, training state, diet |
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|
Term
| when a person has a large increase in their exercise daily habits. They usually go into |
|
Definition
| negative nitrogen balance ( proteins synthesis is less than protein degradation) |
|
|
Term
| ingesting glucose during exercise can help to reduce the loss of |
|
Definition
| muscle and liver glycogen (reducing proteolysis |
|
|
Term
| why should you not eat high glycemic index foods 30 to 40 min. before exercise |
|
Definition
| hasten fatigue, the glucose triggers insulin level, followed by hypoglycemia, and faster utilization of muscle glycogen |
|
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Term
| why would it be better for athletes to have more fat in their pre-event meal |
|
Definition
| if more fat is available then less muscle glycogen will be used |
|
|
Term
| defined glycogen or carbo loading |
|
Definition
| muscle glycogen levels will increase or super compensate only after the initial levels are depleted or reduced |
|
|
Term
| what is recommended intake of CHO |
|
Definition
| 10 g of CHO per kilogram of body weight |
|
|
Term
| glycogen super compensation (loading) is regulated by |
|
Definition
| the volume of CHO eaten, and the duration and magnitude of the initial glycogen depletion |
|
|
Term
| work endurance is related to what |
|
Definition
| the amount of muscle at the start of the exercise |
|
|
Term
| what is the preferred substrate for exercise metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you run out of muscle and liver glycogen |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why is CHO the preferred substrate for exercise metabolism |
|
Definition
| used in 2/3 pathways, resynthesize ATP w/o oxygen, (oxidative pathway) -uses less O2 than fat, stored on site, made in liver&muscle, can produce OAA |
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Term
| why is CHO not preferred for energy storage |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many H2O can CHO hold |
|
Definition
| 3, why it has limited room |
|
|
Term
| what is the preferred storage substrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is fat the preferred storage substrate |
|
Definition
| unlimited storage space, don't need to be mixed, more ATP stored (36) |
|
|
Term
| fat utilization is dependent upon |
|
Definition
| OAA (fat must burn in the presence of CHO) |
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|
Term
| OAA can only be made from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low CHO availability leads to |
|
Definition
| protein breakdown (negative nitrogen balance) or protein used for energy |
|
|
Term
| what are metabolic processes influenced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rate at which the pathways operate and they can alter the availability of CHO, fat, and protein |
|
|
Term
| catabolic hormones stimulate |
|
Definition
| the breakdown of something |
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|
Term
| anabolic hormones simulate the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major anabolic hormone involved with metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of insulin |
|
Definition
| to decrease blood glucose level |
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|
Term
| how does insulin decrease blood glucose level |
|
Definition
| by increasing cellular glucose |
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|
Term
| what are the 3 synthesizes that insulin uses to increase metabolic storage |
|
Definition
| increasing: glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| insulin levels are influenced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insulin levels drop as what increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insulin levels are _____ in the untrained during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone whose levels rise when glucose is gone |
|
|
Term
| what is glucagon's purpose |
|
Definition
| to work on the liver and adipose tissue to increase blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| how does glucagon increase blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
| increased: liver glycogenolysis, liver gluconeogenesis, adipose lipolysis |
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|
Term
| as exercise intensity increases what happens to glucagon |
|
Definition
| glucagon levels increase (glucose levels fall with increasing intensity) |
|
|
Term
| why do untrained people experience an increase in glucagon levels with increasing exercise duration |
|
Definition
| untrained people use up blood glucose faster |
|
|
Term
| how does growth hormone maintain blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
| by increased: adipose lipolysis, & liver gluconeogenesis. & blocks glucose entry into cells |
|
|
Term
| do growth hormones increase with increased intensity |
|
Definition
| Yes at a surprising magnitude (>2000%) |
|
|
Term
| what is unexpected about the relationship between growth hormone and exercise duration |
|
Definition
| trained people have a larger increase with increasing exercise duration (even though their blood glucose levels don't fall as much as untrained) |
|
|
Term
| how does cortisol maintain blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
| by increased: proteolysis & adipose lipolysis, & gluconeogenesis,. & Blocking glucose entry into muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| cortisol levels see a drop in concentration with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can catecholamines increase metabolic rate by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can catecholamines increase blood glucose by |
|
Definition
| increasing: liver glycogenolysis, muscle glycogenolysis, muscle&adipose lipolysis, glucagon production. & DECREASING Insulin production |
|
|
Term
| true or false: increasing exercise duration also increases catecholamine release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as a person becomes more trained, the amount of |
|
Definition
| catecholamine release decreases |
|
|
Term
| most metabolic hormone responses are tied to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 metabolic responses to exercise |
|
Definition
| incremental exercise & prolonged exercise |
|
|
Term
| what is incremental exercise |
|
Definition
| all metabolic systems are used & exhaustion occurs when metabolic systems can't keep up with ATP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| when does exhaustion occur with incremental exercise |
|
Definition
| occurs when the metabolic systems can no longer keep up with ATP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| what is a steady state during prolonged exercise |
|
Definition
| if the oxidative system can supply all of the needed ATP resynthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is prolonged exercise |
|
Definition
| the immediate & glycolytic systems start up initially & if exercise continues long enough the oxidative system becomes predominate & steady state |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the difference in the amount of Oxygen needed to produce to resynthesize the needed ATP (& actual amount of O2 needed to resynthesize the ATP needed) |
|
|
Term
| what does the oxygen deficit indicate |
|
Definition
| the oxidative system is not the primary energy pathway at the onset of exercise & it's a reactive system |
|
|
Term
| the oxygen deficit is a measure of |
|
Definition
| of the amount of ATP resynthesis that is done by the immediate and glycolytic systems |
|
|
Term
| what influences the magnitude of the oxygen deficit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what influences the rate at which the body reaches steady state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the faster the build up of end products of the immediate system activate other systems resulting in |
|
Definition
| the more rapidly the oxidative system is activated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference in the amount of O2 needed to produce to resynthesize ATP & the actual amount of O2 used to resynthesize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic costs incurred during recovery from exercise |
|
|
Term
| it costs _______ to shut things off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption |
|
|
Term
| how is EPOC (or O2 debt) as |
|
Definition
| the amount of oxygen consumed after exercise has stopped |
|
|
Term
| what does the EPOC demonstrate |
|
Definition
| the oxidative system must continue to work even after work has stopped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some factors contributing to EPOC |
|
Definition
| takes time: to lower hormone levels & HR; takes energy: restore Phosphocreatine & to get rid of lactic acid. Elevated O2 take time to restore muscle & liver glycogen |
|
|
Term
| recovery times for the various factors of EPOC are influenced by |
|
Definition
| exercise intensity AND exercise duration |
|
|
Term
| recovery of the fast portion of EPOC consists of |
|
Definition
| restoration of muscle & blood O2 stores AND restoration of CP & ATP stores |
|
|
Term
| why is the 2nd bout of exercise so difficult |
|
Definition
| the muscle & liver glycogen haven't been replenished yet, because it takes longer (slow portion) |
|
|
Term
| what in the slow portion takes hours to replenish |
|
Definition
| muscle glycogen & liver glycogen |
|
|
Term
| what does the slow portion of EPOC consist of |
|
Definition
| lactate removal, reduced: HR, body temp, hormones. Replenishment of muscle & liver glycogen |
|
|
Term
| ____________ is crucial in enabling one's ability to perform a second bout of work as the same level as the previous bout |
|
Definition
| creatine phosphate replenishment |
|
|
Term
| creatine phosphate replenishment is optimized through "________ _________," or keep the muscles working at a very low level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does sitting down, slow recovery of legs |
|
Definition
| can't get blood flow to hamstrings |
|
|
Term
| when lactic acid levels are above normal at the start of an exercise, the metabolic systems .... |
|
Definition
| can't work at optimum levels |
|
|
Term
| what is the body's preference (for lactic acid to be used for) |
|
Definition
| to use it as a fuel in the oxidative processes (lactate->pyruvate->acetyle-CoA) |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the most important factor controlling one's ability to perform a second bout of work at the same level as the previous bout |
|
Definition
| the duration of the exercise bouts |
|
|
Term
| why do you want to get rid of lactic acid, if you want to burn fat |
|
Definition
| lactic acid prevents lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| the quickest recovery from short bursts would be |
|
Definition
| a brisk walk (removing lactic acid) |
|
|
Term
| what's the quickest way to recover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the longer the bout, the longer... |
|
Definition
| it takes to recover because there's more lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| why should we train like the jackrabbit |
|
Definition
| he/she runs quickly then rests |
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|
