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| tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
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| associate different factors |
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| manipulate factors to discover their effects |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation |
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| a measure to the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well each factor predicts the other |
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| statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation |
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| the perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| research method in which investigator manipulates one or more factors (IVs) to see the effects on a behavior or mental process (DVs) |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences those assigned to the different groups |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo |
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| experimental event caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
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| the group that is exposed to the treatment in an experiment |
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| the group that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment; contrasts with experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| experimental factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that might change in response to manipulations to the independent variable |
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| a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in the experiment |
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| most frequently occurring scores in a distribution |
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| arithmetic average of a distribution |
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| the middle score in the distribution |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| symmetrical, bell shaped curve the describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall within the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| the enduring ideas, traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a group of people transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to choose whether or not they wish to participate |
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| the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants |
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