Shared Flashcard Set

Details

unit 2 test
na
56
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
03/09/2009

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Culture
Definition
The way members of a society adapt to their environment and give meaning to their lives.
Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
Maximum number of people a society can support given the available resources
Term
Intensification vs. Extensification
Definition

Intensification is creating more product with the same land area in the same location.

Extensification is introducing production into land areas that were previously unused or used for less intensive purposes.

Term
Swidden
Definition
 To clear, burn off an area, grow crops until productivity declines due to soil exhaustiuon, abandon field and leave it to regenerate.
Term
Kula
Definition
pattern of exchange among many trading partners in  the Trobriands and other south pacific islands
Term
Reciprocity
Definition
mutual give and take among people of equal status
Term
Generalized Reciprocity
Definition

distribution of goods with no immediate return expected

in foraging societies hunters distribute meat and dont have any immediate return

mother and child

Term
Balanced Reciprocity
Definition

exchange of goods of nearly equal value with an obligation to return them within a time limit

going to a birthday party and getting them a great gift, for your birthday party would be expecting the same gesture

exchange of invitations

 

Term
Negative Reciprocity
Definition

exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and the desire to get something for nothing

Having someone work extremely hard on crop and gets very low wages

Tribal and peasant societies

Term
sedentary
Definition
settled; living in one place
Term
Productivity and Efficiency
Definition
Capatalist, Tributary, Kin-ordered  differentiated by the way people organize themselves and their production
Term
Peasants
Definition
rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, complex state societies.
Term
Leveling Mechanisms
Definition
a practice, value, or form of social organization that evens out wealth within a society
Term
Cargo Systems
Definition
a ritual system in which wealthy people are required to hold a series of costly ceremonial offices
Term
Usufructory rights
Definition
Right that allows the use of property that belongs to another
Term
Capitalist
Definition
most basic feature is the alienation of most people from the means of production
Term
Tributary
Definition
states extracting surplus from primary producers
Term
Kin-Ordered
Definition
organize labor along kinship line
Term
When brothers share a wife
Definition

about fraternal polyandry in Tibet - 2 or more brothers jointly take a wife, who leaves home to live with them.

advantages- reduces risk of family fission, reduces population growth, maintenance of the good life

problems- sexual favoritism

Term
who needs love?
Definition

In Japan, people arent happy but divorce rates and unwed teens are lower than most nations. they believe love marriages are more fragile than arranged marriages

secret to strength: low expectations, patience and shame

Term
Arranging a marriage in india
Definition

most marriages in india is arranged, non arrnaged marriages are called love match. bride and groom dont meet each other before being married.

They feel its better to have the parents look for the spouse because they are more experienced and would rather get to know the spouse when married. Familys reputation is most important.

Term
Why cant people feed themselves?
Definition
colonial rule made peasants replae food crops with cash crops and were expropriated at low rates, they took over the best agricultural land for export crop plantations and forved able bodied workerds to leave village fields to work as slaves for low wages, encouraged a dependence on imported food, blocked native peasant cash crop production from competing
Term
Understanding Eskimo science
Definition
Depend on hunting, eskimos know things from acquiring knowledge and gaining experience, they could tell when a storm was coming by watching the seals, they learn from the animals,
Term
The inuit paradox
Definition
Instead of vegetables these people ate things we dont eat lthat contain the same nutrients needed like sea mammals livers and oils of cold water fish. Other nutrients are enough to get from the animal eaten itself and is far more healthier than what is eaten now, they also work hard to get their food
Term
Means of Production
Definition
includes primary things such as land, technology (tools) and resources
Term
Organizing Labor
Definition
In preindustrial economys the household is the basic unit of production and consumption. In western society work has very important social implications
Term
Division of Labor
Definition

Sexuality-foraging societies men hunt and women generally gather

agricultural societies both play important roles in food production

Term
Household
Definition
an economic unit, people united by kinship share a residence and organize production, consumption and distribution
Term
Firm
Definition
an institution that is organized primarily for financial gain
Term
specialization
Definition
Is efficient and produces large quantities at a time, it takes a large physical and emotional toll on members of a society
Term
Potlatch
Definition
a competitive giveaway and feasting practiced by the Kwakiutl and other groups of the northwest
Term
Levirate
Definition
the custom whereby a man marries the widow of a deceased brother
Term
sororate
Definition
the custom whereby, when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife
Term
Number of Spouses
Definition

monogamy- only one man to be married to one woman at any given time

Polygamy- one man to several women

Polyandry- one woman to several men

Term
Bride service
Definition
the cultural rule that a man must work for his bride's family for some time either before or after marriage
Term
Bride Wealth
Definition
goods presented by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to legitimize a marriage
Term
Dowry
Definition
required presentation of goods by the brides kin to the family of the groom ot to the couple
Term
Residence Patterns
Definition

Neolocal residence-married couples create their own households

Patrilocal residence-the newly married couple lives with the husbands family

Matrilocal residence-the couple lives with the wifes family

avunculocal residence-the couple lives with the wifes uncles family

bilocal residence-the couple can choose between living with the wifes family or the husbands family

Term
Types of families
Definition

Nuclear family-consisting of a married couple and their children

Composite family-aggregates of nuclear families usually linked by the husband

extended families-consists of two or more generations of male or female kin and their spouses and offspring

Term
Blended family
Definition
divorce and remarriage enmesh nuclear families in ever larger and more complicated kindship networks
Term
Marriage
Definition
customs, rules and obligations for relationships between a sexually cohabiting couple, parents and children, and families of the bride and groom
Term
Functions of Marriage
Definition
regulates sexual access, division of labor, creates a family, and expands social group
Term
rules for marriage
Definition
limit marriage to certain groups, dictate how many people an individual may marry at one time, dictate the kinds of exchanges and rituals that legitimate marraige and determine what rigths and obligations are established
Term
exogamy
Definition
a rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group
Term
endogamy
Definition
a rule prescribing that a person must marry within a particular group
Term
incest taboos
Definition
prohibitions on sexual relations between relatives
Term
subsistence strageties
Definition
ways different groups of people take care of needs
Term
foraging
Definition

a food-getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals

hunting and gathering

Inupiaq eskimos

Term
Pastoralism
Definition

a food-getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals

Herding

maasai

Term
horticulture
Definition

production of plants using a simple, nonmechanized technology; fields are not used continuously

 simple tools non-intensive

Hopi Indians

Term
agriculture
Definition

a form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control

farming

Peasants in Musha, Egypt

Term
Relationship between environment and subsistence strategy
Definition

environment is a limiting factor

foraging-extreme environments

pastoralism- water no soil environments

horticulture- on equator warm and wet environments

agriculture-all kinds of environments

Term
regulates sexual access
Definition

limits sexual competition

provides stability for children

allows for stable economic exchange

Term
division of labor
Definition

marriage provides a stable structure

the male can provide food and protection

the female can nurse and nurture the children

 

Term
creates a family
Definition

organic solidarity

mechanical soldarity

Term
expands social groups
Definition

links different families and kin groups

leads to cooperation beyond the primary husband-wife pair

allows people to share resources

benefits the survival of the species

Supporting users have an ad free experience!