Term
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Definition
| Hypospadia, a congenital defect in males, causes a malpositioning in the urethral opening (it is located on the ventral surface of the penis) |
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Term
| What is the function of the seminal vesicles? |
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Definition
I.)They add fluid to ejaculate to propel the sperm forward
II.) The fructose secreted by the seminal vesicles provides energy for sperm motility |
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Term
| Explain the function cremaster muscles and the pampiniform plexus of the testes. |
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Definition
| The cremaster muscles, which respond to decreases in testicular temperature, move the testes closer to the body. |
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Term
| What role does nitric oxide play in erections? |
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Definition
| It involves increased inflow of blood into the corpora cavernosa due to relaxation of the trabecular smooth muscle that surround the sinusoidal spaces and compression of the veins controlling outflow of blood from the venous plexus |
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Term
| What nervous system controls erection? |
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Definition
| The parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What are the major sources of estrogen in premenopausal and menopausal women? |
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Definition
| Ovaries and adipose tissue |
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Term
| The secretion of FSH and LH are under the control of ____________. |
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Definition
| Gonadotrophin-releasing factor |
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Term
| What hormones would be used to treat exceptionally tall children by effecting early epiphyseal closure? |
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Definition
| Estrogen and Testosterone |
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Term
| ________ is produced and secreted by the interstitial Leydig cells in the testes, while under the influence of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the functions of testosterone. |
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Definition
| Differentiation of the male genital tract in fetal development, induction of secondary male sex characteristics and promotion of muscoskeletal growth |
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Term
| The _____________ houses the testes and regulates their temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| What describes herniation of the bladder into the vagina? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is testicular torsion and what is it a common consequence of? |
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Definition
| It is a twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis. It is a consequence of cryptorchidism along with infertility and malignancy. |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of cancer in males between the ages of 15-35? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the causes of scrotal cancer. |
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Definition
| It has been linked to occupation (chimney sweep), poor hygiene and chronic inflammation |
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Term
| What cancer is the most common nonskin cancer in the US affecting men 65 years of age and older? |
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Definition
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Term
| A hydrocele forms when excess fluid collects between the layers of the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome are conditions that alter estrogen metabolism and elevate estrogen levels. Increased estrogen levels are associated with ______________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Undesired or harmful effects of supraphysiologic doses of androgens including estrodial and estrone are_________, ___________ and _______________. |
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Definition
| acne, decreased testicular size, azoospermia, and a change in libido. |
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Term
| In order for embryonic gonads to become testes, what is required? |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition is characterized by heavy bleeding during and between menstrual cycles |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle. |
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Definition
| After ovulation, the follicle collapses; the granulose cells are invaded by blood vessels and yellow lipocrhome-bearing cells from the theca layer. A rapid accumulation of blood and fluid forms a mass called the corpus luteum. Progesterone is secreted from the corpus luteum. |
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Term
| What are the local effects of progesterone on reproductive organs? |
|
Definition
| The glandular development of the lobular and alveolar tissue of the breasts and the cyclic glandular development on the endometrium |
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Term
| What role does oxytocin and prolactin play in a woman’s body? |
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Definition
| Milk ejection from the ductile system occurs in response to the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. Secretion of milk by alveolar cells us under the influence of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. |
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Term
| ___________ is an abnormal, painful, sustained erection that can lead to ischemic damage of penile structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone(s) are produced after ovulation when the follicle becomes lutinized as the corpus lutium? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| What is a term for benign neoplasms of smooth muscle in the uterus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is usually recognized as the leading cause of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Decreased estrogen levels |
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|
Term
| During lactation, milk is secreted by ____________________. |
|
Definition
| Alveolar tissue of the breast |
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Term
| What forms when excess fluid collects between the layers of the tunica vaginalis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Generation of the primordial ova by mitotic division occurs during fetal life |
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Term
| A preponderance of evidence suggests a causal link between both cervical cancer, penile cancer and ____________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is stored in the ampulla of the vas deferens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are causes of male infertility? |
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Definition
| They include variocele, ejaculatory dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, hypoagonadotropic hypogonadism, infection, immunologic problems (antisperm antibodies), obstructions (wearing tight jeans), and congenital anomalies |
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Term
| Infertility, malignancy and testicular torsion are long term consequences of ___________________________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When does gonadotrophin-stimulated production of testosterone normally begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ serves as a storage reservoir for sperm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________________is the site of the Skene glands, which have a lubricating function. |
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Definition
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Term
| The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers (__________, ____________ and __________) one (__________) of which extends to form a cul-de-sac. |
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Definition
| the perimetrium, the myometrium, and the endometrium; the perimetrium |
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Term
| High levels of what hormone exert a negative feedback loop on FSH? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are common causes of vaginitis in women of childbearing age? |
|
Definition
| Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis |
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|
Term
What structure secretes fluid and serves as a buffer and prolongs the life of
spermatozoa once they reach the vagina? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gradual cessation of ovarian function and diminished estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause may lead to ______________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the role of the fructose in seminal fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of inhibin in males? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits FSH production leading to a reduction in spermatogenesis |
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|
Term
| What microorganism causes candidiasis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Why might antibiotic therapy cause vulvovaginal candiasis in females? |
|
Definition
| It can suppress normal protective flora |
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|
Term
| What is a complication associated with women having chlamydial infections? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility or ectopic pregnancy |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms associated with trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| Copious, frothy, malodorous, green or yellow discharge |
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Term
| Factors that increase the risk of tubal pregnancy include? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic inflammatory disease, therapeutic abortion, tubal ligation or reversal, and fertility drugs |
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Term
| Which structure in the female anatomy begins to dilate upon parturition (birth)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe testicular torsion? What structures are affected? Two risk factors are trauma and strenuous physical activity |
|
Definition
| It is the twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testes |
|
|
Term
| How many spermatozoa are produced by one spermatognium in spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells does a Pap smear detect? |
|
Definition
| Cancerous and precancerous cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| The condition in which functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus |
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Term
| What hormone surge causes ovulation? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Factors that increase the risk of tubal pregnancy include? What is the greatest danger? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, therapeutic abortion, tubal ligation or reversal, and fertility drugs. Tubal rupture is the greatest danger |
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Term
| What is a chocolate cyst and where does it form? |
|
Definition
| In the ovary, the endometrial tissue may form cysts (endometriomas filled with old blood that resembles chocolate syrup, hence chocolate cysts) |
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Term
| What hormone is responsible for fluid retention in females during PMS? |
|
Definition
| Increased aldosterone secretion |
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Term
| Untreated syphilis might cause complications in what organs? |
|
Definition
| Aorta, liver, and central nervous system |
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