Term
| The oldest organisms are _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the domains of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false Eubacteria and Archeae organisms have peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
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Definition
False
Archeae have pseudomurein and eubacteria have peptidoglycan |
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Term
| Domain Archeae is broken down into ___, ___, and ____ |
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Definition
| Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Require high concentration of NaCl to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally grow in hot environments and not generally a health threat |
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Term
| The domain Eubacteria is broken down into ___,___, and ____ |
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Definition
| Proteobacteria, nonproteobacteria, and gram positive bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Gram negative
Largest taxonomic group of bacteria |
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Term
| Describe nonproteobacteria |
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Definition
Gram negative
Not closely related to gram - proteobacteria
Include cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry out O2 producing photosynthesis and "fix" carbon |
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Term
| Describe Gram positive bacteria |
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Definition
High G and C ratio
Low G and C ratio
Include mycoplasms and streptococcus pyogens |
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Term
| What are the components of the cell envelope? |
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Definition
| Glycocalyx, cell wall, and cell membrane |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of glycocalyx? |
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Definition
Not found in all bacteria
External to the cell wall
Slime: loosely attached to the cell wall
Capsule: firmly attached and organized |
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Term
| What are the benefits of glycocalyx? |
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Definition
Protects bacteria from phagocytosis and dehydration
Inhibits movement of nutrients out of the cell
Allows attachment to various surfaces
Storage depot for nutrients
Both types are antigenic (produce antibodies) |
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Term
| Describe the functions and composition of the cell wall |
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Definition
Responsible for the shape of the cell
Prevents cell from rupturing when water pressure is greater inside than outside
Protects interior of the cell
SITE OF ACTION OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS |
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Term
| What are the components of peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
linked by polypeptides |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of gram positive cell walls? |
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Definition
Has many layers of peptidoglycan
Contain teichoic acids (alcohol and phosphate)
Under SEM the surface appears smooth
Teichoic acids provide antigenic specificity to ID bacteria |
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Term
| What are the two types of passive transport? |
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Definition
| Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of gram negative bacteria? |
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Definition
No teichoic acids
Have a rough appearance under SEM
More susceptible to mechanical breakage |
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Term
| What are the functions of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria? |
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Definition
Negative charge protects it from phagocytosis and the action of complement
Provides a barrier to antibiotics
Porins (proteins) allow passage of other molecules |
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Term
| What is the primary stain for the gram stain mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False?
Crystal Violet only stains gram negative bacteria |
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Definition
False
It stain gram negative AND gram positive bacteria |
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Term
| Identify and describe the purpose of the mordant in the gram stain mechanism |
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Definition
Iodine
Makes the crystal violet stain a larger molecule to prevent it from leaving the membrane of gram positive bacteria |
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Term
True or False?
The application of alcohol in the gram stain mechanism dissolves the membrane of gram NEGATIVE bacteria so the dye diffuses out of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| The application of ____ in the gram stain mechanism is the differential step |
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Definition
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Term
| The application of alcohol dehydrates the ___ of the gram positive bacteria to make it more impermeable to the crystal violet/iodine |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the counterstain in the gram stain mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| At the end of the staining process, gram positive bacteria will be ____ and gram negative bacteria will be ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Give two examples of acid-fast bacteria |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium TB |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the acid-fast stain? |
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Definition
To ID bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium
Binds strongly to bacteria with a waxy component in their wall |
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Term
| What are the primary and counter stains for the acid-fast technique? |
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Definition
Carbolfuchsin (red)
methylene blue |
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Term
| What are the major structures in prokaryotic protoplasm? |
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Definition
| Nuclear area, ribosomes, and inclusions |
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Term
| What two structures do eukaryotes lack in their protoplasm? |
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Definition
| Cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming |
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Term
| What is another name for the protoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The nuclear area in the bacterial chromosome |
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Term
True or false?
There IS a nuclear membrane/envelope in the bacterial chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
Identify.
Single long, continuous, circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are extra-chromosomal genetic elements not connected to the bacterial chromosome |
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Term
True or false?
Plasmids can NOT be transferred from one bacteria to another |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transmit a plasmid via direct contact (sex pilus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Introduction of genes via virus |
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Term
| What is the location and purpose of the ribosome? |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm;protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Golden
Diatoms which produce large amounts of O2 gas |
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Term
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Definition
"Fire Algae"
Responsible for red tides
Golden brown |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A disease caused by a fungus |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Complete, fully developed infectious particle |
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Term
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Definition
Short pieces of naked RNA
Cause diseases in PLANTS ONLY |
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