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Unit 1 Test
1,2,3,13,23
129
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/12/2013

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
anthropology
Definition
the study of human species and its immediate ancestors
Term
holism
Definition
the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture
Term
culture
Definition
traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of some people exposed to them
Term
food production
Definition
economy based on plant cultivation and/or animal domestication
Term
general anthropology
Definition
anthropology as a whole: cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic
Term
biocultural
Definition
combining biological and cultural approaches to a given problem
Term
cultural anthropology
Definition
the comparative, cross-cultural, study of human society and culture
Term
ethnography
Definition
fieldwork in a particular cultural setting
Term
archaeological anthropology
Definition
the study of human behavior through material remains
Term
ethnology
Definition
study of socio-cultural differences and similarities
Term
paleoecology
Definition
looks at the ecosystems of the past
Term
biological (physical) anthropology
Definition
the study of human biological variation in time and space
Term
linguistic anthropology
Definition
the study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society
Term
sociolinguistics
Definition
the study of language in society
Term
science
Definition
field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world
Term
paleoanthropoligist
Definition
paleontologist that studies the fossil record of the human condition
Term
applied anthropology
Definition
using anthropology to solve contemporary problems
Term
theory
Definition
a set of ideas formulated to explain something
Term
association
Definition
an observed relationship between two or more variables
Term
cultural resource management
Definition
deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a suggested but as yet unverified explanation
Term
enculturation
Definition
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations
Term
symbol
Definition
something, verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else
Term
core values
Definition
key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture
Term
hominid
Definition
member of hominid family, any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla
Term
hominins
Definition
hominids excluding the African apes, all the human species that have ever existed
Term
universal
Definition
something that exists in every culture
Term
generality
Definition
culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies
Term
particularity
Definition
distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration
Term
ideal v. real culture
Definition
ideal culture consists of what people say they should do and what they say they do. Real culture refers to their actual behavior as observed by an anthropologist
Term
subculture
Definition
different cultural traditions associated with subgroups int he same nation
Term
national culture
Definition
cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation
Term
international culture
Definition
cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
judging other cultures using one's own cultural standards
Term
human rights
Definition
rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions
Term
cultural rights
Definition
rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
idea that to know another culture requires full understanding of its member's beliefs and motivations
Term
IPR
Definition
intellectual property rights; an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications
Term
diffusion
Definition
borrowing of cultural traits between societies
Term
acculturation
Definition
an exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact
Term
independent invention
Definition
the independent development of a cultural feature in different societies
Term
globalization
Definition
the acceleration interdependence of nations in the world systems today
Term
Leslie White
Definition
culture came into existence when humans began to use symbols
Term
proper roles fro applied anthropologists
Definition
1) identifying needs for change that local people perceive
2) working with those people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change
3) protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that may threaten them
Term
development anthropology
Definition
field that examines the sociocultural dimensions of economic development
Term
increased equity
Definition
reduction in absolute poverty, with more even distribution of wealth
must have support of reform minded governments
Term
overinnovation
Definition
trying to achieve too much change
Term
to maximize social and economic benefits projects must:
Definition
1) be culturally compatible
2) respond to locally perceived needs
3) involve men and women in planning and carrying out the changes that affect them
4) harness traditional organizations
5) be flexible
Term
underdifferentiation
Definition
seeing less-developed countries as the sam; ignoring cultural diversity
Term
descent group
Definition
a kin group composed of people whose social solidarity is based on their belief that they share common ancestry
Term
faulty design for projects often assume:
Definition
1) individualistic productive units that are privately owned by an individual or couple and worked by a nuclear family
2) cooperatives that are at least partially based on models from the former Eastern bloc and Social countries
Term
anthropology and education
Definition
study of students in the context of the family, peers, and enculturation
Term
urban anthropology
Definition
anthropological study of cities and urban life
Term
medical anthropology
Definition
the comparative, bicultural study of disease, health problems, and health-care systems

1) identify the most pressing health problems that indigenous communities face
2) gather info on solutions to those problems
3) implement solutions in partnership with the agencies and organizations that are in charge of public health programs for indigenous populations
Term
disease
Definition
a scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen
Term
illness
Definition
a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual
Term
health-care systems
Definition
beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illness
Term
personalistic disease theory
Definition
blame illness on agents such as sorcerers or ancestral spirits
Term
naturalistic disease theory
Definition
explain illness in impersonal terms
Term
emotionalistic disease theory
Definition
assume that emotional experience cause illness
Term
curer
Definition
one who diagnoses and treats illness
-emerge through culturally defined process of selection and training
Term
scientific medicine
Definition
a health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures
Term
ethnographic techniques
Definition
1) participant observation
2) interviews and chitchat
3) genealogical method
4) key consultants
5) life histories
Term
longitudinal research
Definition
the continuous long-term study of an area or site usually based on repeated visits
Term
team research
Definition
coordinated research by multiple ethnographers
Term
first act of ethnographers
Definition
the naming phase- asking the name of the objects around us
Term
interview schedule
Definition
form, guide, used to structure a formal, but personal, interview
Term
questionnaire
Definition
from used by sociologists to obtain comparable info from respondents
Term
genealogical method
Definition
using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections
Term
key cultural consultant
Definition
expert on a particular aspect of local life
Term
Why genealogy is important
Definition
its important building block in the social organization of nonindustrial societies, where people live and work each day with their close kin
Term
life history
Definition
of a key consultant; a personal portrait of someone's life in a culture
Term
emic
Definition
research strategy focusing on local explanations and meanings
Term
cultural consultants
Definition
people who teach an ethnographer about their culture
Term
etic
Definition
research strategy emphasizing the ethnographer's explanations and categories
Term
anthropologists
Definition
gather information on factors such as population density, environmental quality, climate, physical geography, diet, and land use
Term
survey research
Definition
the study of society through sampling statistical analysis and impersonal data collection
Term
sample
Definition
a smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population
Term
random sample
Definition
a sample in which all population members have an equal chance of inclusion
Term
variables
Definition
attributes that differ from one person or case to the next
Term
complex societies
Definition
large, populous societies with stratification and a government
Term
unilinear evolutionism
Definition
idea of a single line or path of cultural development
Term
historical particularism
Definition
idea (boss) that histories are not cap arable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result
Term
functionalism
Definition
approach focusing on the role of sociocultural practices in social systems
Term
synchronic
Definition
studying societies at one time
Term
diachronic
Definition
studying societies across time
Term
configurationalism
Definition
view of culture as integrated and patterned
Term
cultural materialism
Definition
idea (harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure
Term
superorganic
Definition
(kroeber) the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms
Term
symbolic anthropology
Definition
the study of symbols in their social and cultural context
Term
interpretive anthropology
Definition
(Geertz) the study of a culture as a system of meaning
Term
agency
Definition
the actions of individuals, alone and in groups, that create and transform culture
Term
political economy
Definition
the web of interrelated economic and power relations in society
Term
capitalist world economy
Definition
profit-oriented global economy based on production fro sale
Term
capital
Definition
wealth invested with the intent of producing profit
Term
world-system theory
Definition
idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries
Term
core
Definition
dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production
Term
semiperiphery
Definition
position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery
Term
periphery
Definition
weakest structural and economic position in the world system
Term
industrial revolution
Definition
(in Europe after 1750) socioeconomic transformation through industrialization
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
owners of the means of production
Term
working class or proletariat
Definition
people who must sell their labor to survive
Term
imperialism
Definition
policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and peoples
Term
colonialism
Definition
long-term foreign control of a territory and its people
Term
postcolonial
Definition
relations between European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled
Term
intervention philosophy
Definition
ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native peoples
Term
neoliberalism
Definition
governments shouldn't regulate private enterprise; free markets forces should rule
Term
communism
Definition
property owned by the community; people working for the common good
Term
Communism
Definition
political movement aimed at replacing capitalism with Soviet-style communism
Term
indigenous peoples
Definition
original inhabitants of particular areas
Term
rapport
Definition
a good friendly working relationship based on personal contact
Term
Bronislaw Malinowski
Definition
everyday cultural patterns are the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior
Term
Morgan
Definition
-unilinear evolutionism
-humans evolved through a series of stages
Term
Tyler
Definition
-unilinear path-animism to polytheism, monotheism, to science
Term
survivals
Definition
practices that survived in contemporary society from earlier evolutionary stages
Term
Boas
Definition
father of 4-subfield american anthropology
formed from interest in Native Americans
Term
Ruth Benedict
Definition
people of many races have contributed to major historical advances and that civilization is the achievement of no single race
Term
cultural generalities
Definition
shared by some but not all societies
-independent invention

the boasians stressed the importance of diffusion or borrowing from other cultures
Term
Malinowski
Definition
father of ethnography
functionalist in two sense:
1. all customs in institutions in society were integrated and interrelated
2. needs functionalism- humans had set of universal biological needs and that customs developed to fulfill those needs
Term
Panglossian fundamentalism
Definition
a tendency to see things as functioning not just to maintain the system but to do so in the most optimal way possible, so that any deviation from the norm would only damage the system
Term
Benedict
Definition
stressed that culture traits, whole cultures, are uniquely patterned or integrated
Term
White
Definition
general evolution- idea that over time and through the archaeological, historical, and ethnographic records we can see the evolution of culture as a whole
Term
core culture
Definition
combination of subsistence and economic activities that determined the social order and the configuration of that culture in general
Term
Harris
Definition
societies had infrostructure consisting of technology, economics, and demography
Term
Durkheim
Definition
father of sociology and anthropology
Term
Turner
Definition
examines how symbols and rituals are used to redress, regulate, anticipate, and avoid conflict
examines the hierarchy of symbols from social meanings and functions to their internalization within individuals
Term
Geertz
Definition
meanings- carried out by public symbolic forms including words, rituals, and customs
Term
Levi-straussian
Definition
structuralism aims not at explaining relations, themes, and connections among aspects of culture but at discovering them
Term
practice theory
Definition
recognizes that individulas within a society or culture have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence
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