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Definition
| The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism. |
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Definition
| a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat. |
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Definition
| the steady-state psychological condition of the body. |
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Definition
| a substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat. |
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Definition
| the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction. |
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Definition
| describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends. |
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| Characteristics shared by all living organisms (6) |
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Definition
1. organization
2. response to stimulus
3. homeostasis
4. metabolism
5. growth and development
6. reproduction
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Term
| What are the three unifying themes in the living world? |
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Definition
1. Diversity and Unity of Life
2. Interdependence of organisms
3. Evolution |
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| Explain the steps of the scientific method |
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Definition
1. Observation (causes you to pose a question)
2. Hypothesis (try to answer the questions)
3. Prediction (what you think will happen if the hypothesis is true)
4. Experiment (testing the hypothesis)
5. Analyze Data and draw conclusions
6. communicate your conclusions |
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosporus, Sulfur |
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| Explain the octet rule of eight relating to covalent bonds |
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Definition
| eight electrons is the highest energy level and the most stable. An atom will share one or more pairs of electrons (a covalent bond) with another atom to become stable. |
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Term
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Definition
When positive and negative electrical charges attract each other (Like NaCl - Na+ Cl-)
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Term
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Definition
| when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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| Define Energy and Free Energy |
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Definition
Energy: The ability to do work
Free Energy: energy that may be extracted from a system to do work |
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Term
how does a catalyst work with activation energy?
In living things, what is a catalyst? |
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Definition
catalysts reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to take place.
An enzyme is a catalyst in living things. |
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Term
| Explain the structure of water and what being polar means. |
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Definition
O
H H
Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds, but because O has a greater ability to attract electrons to it, the H electrons are pulled toward the O nucleus. The total charge is neutral, but because the charge is unevenly distributed it is a polar compound
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Term
| Why do other polar compounds easily dissolve in Water to form a solution? |
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Definition
| Two polar molecules have a stronger attraction. The slightly negative region of the water is attracted to the positive ion and the slightly positive region is attracted to the negative ion. |
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Term
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Definition
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| Explain cohesion in regards to water |
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Definition
| an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together. (example: water molecules sticking together because of hydrogen bonding) |
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| Explain adhesion in regards to water |
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Definition
| the attractive force between two particles of different substances, such as water and glass molecules. |
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| explain capillarity in regards to water |
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Definition
| related to adhesion, when the attraction between molecules results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid. (think of water going up the stem of a plant) |
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Term
| explain temperature moderation regarding water |
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Definition
| water has a high heat capacity, which means it can absorb large amounts of energy in the form of heat with only a slight change in temperature. Water's high heat capacity allows organisms to keep cells at an even temperature despite different changes in the environment |
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Term
| what is an organic compound |
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Definition
| made primarily of carbon atoms and (other than water) makes up the most matter in living organisms |
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| Explain how carbon bonding with other elements can form different shapes and #'s of bonds |
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Definition
| carbon only has 4 electrons in its outermost energy level, therefore readily forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, forming straight chains, branched chains or rings |
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Term
| What is the role of a functional group? |
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Definition
Clusters of atoms (called functional groups) can influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemcial reactions the molecules will under go.
Hydroxyl (-OH) can make a molecule more polar, therefore more soluble in water. Hydroxyl is a functional group. |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon compounds bulit up from smaller simpler molecules |
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Definition
| monomers that bond together. A polymer consists of repeated and linked units. |
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Term
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Definition
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| what is the difference between the condensation reaction and hydrolysis |
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Definition
each time a monomer is added to a polymer, water molecule is released = condensation
Breaking down a complex polymer occurs thru hydrolysis is when water is used to break the bonds linking the monomers. |
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Term
| How does ATP store and give up energy for the cell's use |
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Definition
| ATP can use the hydrolysis reaction (water breaks it down) to form ADP and phosphate. energy is released in this reaction and that energy is then available for the cell to use. |
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Term
| characteristics of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| organic compounds composed of C, H and O in a ratio of 1 C, 2 H, 1 O |
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Term
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide |
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Definition
monsaccharide is a simple sugar with CHO in a ratio of 1:2:1 (example Glucose C6H12O6)
disaccharide = two monosaccharides
polysaccharide = three or more monosaccharides.
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Term
| four elements that make up proteins |
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Definition
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
CHON |
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Term
| describe the structure of amino acids |
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Definition
| Amino acids have Carbon in the center with H at one site, Carboxyl (COOH2) at the 2nd site, amino (NH2) at the 3rd site and the 4th site is the "R" group and whatever bonds here determines the type of amino acid. |
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Term
| how many amino acids are found in nature |
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Definition
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Term
| how can protein molecules differ and what affects their shape and function |
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Definition
| proteins are formed from one or more polypetides (long chains of amino acids). Because of their length, they often bend and fold upon themselves. This shape can be influenced by temperature and type of solvent (example egg white getting cooked) |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of enzymes as learned in your lab? |
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Definition
| Enzymes will fit with a specific substrate in it's active site that will result in a chemical reaction (new products formed from the substrate). |
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Term
what are lipids?
what is their polarity? |
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Definition
| Large non-polar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell. Two types: DNA, RNA |
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