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Definition
| The science of human behavior and mental processes |
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| The four major research perspectives |
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| Biological, Cognitive, Behavioral, Sociocultural |
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| How are the four major research perspectives similar to one another? |
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| Biological and Cognitive are both internal perspectives. Behavioral and Sociocultural are both external. |
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| How are the four major research perspectives different to one another? |
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Definition
| Biological is how your genes/physiology effect you (nature), while Cognitive is your mental processes (assumptions, leaps in logic. Behavioral is based on how your environment effects you (nurture), and Sociocultural is based on interactions with others and cultural norms. |
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| How would each research perspective explain depression? |
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Definition
Biological: Depression runs in the family.
Cognitive: Difficulties processing/regulation
Behavioral: Is validated
Sociocultural: family member died |
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| f(behavior)=Person*Environment |
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| Assuming a result is common sense after becoming aware of the result. "I knew it all along phenomenon." |
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| Why do we need to be aware of hindsight bias? |
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Definition
| Because in psychology, something may not actually be common sense, and thinking that it is can lead to bias. |
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| Observe->Hypothesis->Test->Analyze->Replicate/Revise->Posit/Modify |
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| A hypothesis is a specific prediction that is both testable and falsifiable. |
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| A theory is a general idea that can explain and predict phenomena (like gravity). |
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| Why do we bother replicating an experiment if we got a result that proved our hypothesis correct the first time? |
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Definition
| Because there is always a chance that it was a false positive, or that it was simply a chance positive rather than an experimental one. |
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| Descriptive research methods. |
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Definition
| Research methods that involve observational techniques, case studies, and survey research |
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| Observational Techniques: |
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Definition
| laboratory observation (controlled environment), Naturalistic observation (in the "wild"), and Participant observation (researcher is participating in the observation directly.) |
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| Involves measuring two variables to see if there is a naturally occurring relationship between them. Establish cause an effect. |
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| a characteristic that can change or hold different values. |
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| A rating from -1.0 to 1.0, tells the researcher how strong of a correlation there is between two variables. |
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| It is unknown if a third variable is effecting the results of a correlational study. |
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| When two variables are not very related. |
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| Establishes cause and effect |
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| when it is unclear which variable is causing an effect on the other. |
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| How do you eliminate the directionality problem? |
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Definition
| Manipulate one variable and measure it's effect on the other. |
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Definition
| The use of random assignment to eliminate/mitigate the influence of a third variable |
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Definition
| The use of chance procedures to assign individuals to groups in an experiment in order to equalize participant characteristics across groups. |
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| When should random assignment not be used? |
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Definition
| When it is unethical or impossible |
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Definition
| Pulling a random, but representative, sample from the overall population (ex: population is 50 teachers, 10 janitors, and 10 students. A random sample of 7 would have 5 teachers, 1 janitor, and 1 student. |
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| An experiment that utilizes naturally occurring groups. |
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| Frequency distribution (plot the scores) |
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| Measures of central tendency and measures of variability. |
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| the degree of dispersion within a distribution |
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| Highest-Lowest, subject to dispersion. |
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| Average extent to which scores deviate from the mean. |
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Definition
| allow researchers to determine if results are generalizable based on statistical significance |
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Definition
| The probability of results being chance is less than 5% (P<0.5) |
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| What are characteristics of good research? |
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Definition
| Informed consent, review boards, debriefing when deception is used, ETHICAL |
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| Scientific study of the development, structure, and function of the nervous system. |
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Definition
| Nerve cells that transmits information. |
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| What are the main structures of a Neuron? |
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Definition
| Cell body, Dendrites, Axon |
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| makes the decision to impulse |
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| lets Electrical impulse travel down to axon terminals |
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| Insulates the axon, allowing for faster communication. |
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| What is the communication process between neurons? |
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Definition
| Impulse travels to axon terminal->Vesicles release neurotransmitters into synaptic gap->Neuron receives neurotransmitters->Sending Neuron begins to reuptake unused neurotransmitters |
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| What is the communication process inside neurons? |
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Definition
| Dendrites receive inputs->Cell body decides to act on an input and impulses-> electrical impulse travels down axon. |
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Definition
| Chemicals that affect different behaviors and mental processes. |
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| How do drugs interfere with neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| Drugs can either be agonists or antagonists, and will affect the release, binding, or reuptake of neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| Increases activity (Ex: Cocaine, increases long it takes to reuptake neurotransmitters) |
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Definition
| Decreases activity (Ex: Naloxone, binds to opioid receptors, blocking/reducing an opioid's affect.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The electro-chemical communication network. |
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| Why is the nervous system considered electro-chemical. |
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Definition
| Because neurons communicate information electrically, but communicate with other nuerons chemically. |
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| What are the 3 types of neurons found within the body? |
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Definition
| Motor neurons, Sensory neurons, Interneurons |
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Term
| Where are motor neurons found? |
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Definition
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| Where are sensory neurons found? |
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Definition
| The rest of the body and connect to the spinal cord |
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| Where are interneurons found? |
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Definition
| In the brain, connecting it to the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions of the Nervous system? |
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Definition
| Central nervous system (your brain), Peripheral nervous system (everything else) |
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| What are the subdivisions of the PNS? |
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Definition
| Somatic nervous system (voluntary movement, skeletal muscles), Automatic nervous system (Glands, involuntary actions like breathing/heartbeat). |
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| What are the subdivisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic (fight or flight), Parasympathetic (rest and digest) |
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| What is the endocrine system |
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Definition
| A "slow" chemical communication system that utilizes glands. |
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| Why is the endocrine system considered slow? |
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Definition
| because it communicates through hormones, which need to travel through the blood stream. |
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| Which gland is considered the master gland? |
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Definition
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| What controls the master gland? |
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Definition
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| What are the major structures of the brain? |
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Definition
| The Central Core, The Limbic System, The Cerebral Cortex |
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Term
| What are the parts of the central core? |
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Definition
Brainstem, made of medulla, pans, and reticular formation
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord |
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| What is the primary function of the Thalamus? |
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Definition
| Relays every sense except for smell. |
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| What is the primary function of the Cerebellum? |
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Definition
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| What is the primary function of the Spinal cord? |
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Definition
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| What is the primary function of the Medulla? |
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Definition
| Links brain to spine and autonomic functions |
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| What is the primary function of the Pans? |
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Definition
| Connects cerebellum to rest of brain, involved in sleep |
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| What is the primary function of the Reticular formation? |
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Definition
| Filters information, responsible for arousal and unconsciousness |
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Term
| What does the Limbic system add to the Central core? |
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Definition
| Memory retention and emotions. |
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Term
| What structures exist in the limbic system? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Pituitary gland, Hippocampus, Olfactory bulb. |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| controls the endocrine system. |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the Amygdala? |
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Definition
| Emotions: anger, fear, aggression, emotional memories. |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the Pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| The "master gland" of the endocrine system |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the Hippocampus? |
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Definition
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| What is the primary function of the Olfactory bulb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the structures in the Central Cortex? |
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Definition
Corpus callosum,
Fissure(s),
Frontal lobe,
Parietal lobe,
Occipital lobe,
Temporal lobe,
Association cortex. |
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Term
| What does the frontal lobe contain? |
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Definition
| Motor cortex, Broca's Area |
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Term
| What does the parietal lobe contain? |
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Definition
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| What does the occipital lobe contain? |
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Definition
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| What does the temporal lobe contain? |
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Definition
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| What does the motor cortex do? |
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Definition
| Controls motor function, left controls right, vice versa. |
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| What does the somatosensory cortex do? |
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Definition
| Processes temperature, pressure, and pain |
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| What does the visual cortex do? |
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Definition
| Filters visual information |
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| What does the auditory cortex do? |
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Definition
| Filters auditory information |
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Term
| What does the pre-frontal cortex do? |
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Definition
| Allows high-order processing and planning |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the brain that allows speech production. |
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Definition
| Allows language comprehension. |
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| Lateralization of function |
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Definition
| the brain hemispheres have different skills |
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Definition
| Speaking, reading, writing, language, etc. |
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Definition
| Everything art-sy, emotions, pattern recognition. |
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Definition
| Connects the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the surgical severance of the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| right half of each eye, left visual field |
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Definition
| left half of each eye, right visual field |
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Definition
| Man who had the left side of his frontal lobe destroyed, resulting in mania and severe personality change. |
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Definition
| an experiment in which the information that may influence the experiment is hidden from participants AND researchers until after the experiment |
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| How does the process of sensation generally work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the external stimulus for vision? |
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Definition
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| How do wavelength and amplitude affect our psychological experience? |
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Definition
| The wavelength of light determines its color, while amplitude determines brightness. |
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Term
| What are the special receptors for vision called and where are they located? |
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Definition
| Rods and Cones. Rods are around your outer eye while Cones are in the center. |
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| Why do some people have poor vision? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Thanks to cones which pick up colored light. |
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| What is Tri-chromatic Theory and what are it's limitations? |
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Definition
| There are 3 types of cones, one for blue, green, and red. It does not explain afterimages. |
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Term
| What is opponent-processing theory, is it more correct than Tri-chromatic? |
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Definition
| 4 primary cone colors, in pairs. Red Green and Blue Yellow, when one is stimulated, the other is inhibited. It combined with tri-chromatic theory explains colored sight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light travels through eye to rods and cones |
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