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| The scientific study of the Earth |
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| the study of Earth's materials |
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| the building blocks of rocks |
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| naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid, physically and chemically ditinctive |
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| not synthesized in the laboratory |
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| no animal or vegetable matter |
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| regular internal structure; 3D framework |
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| a substance that can not be broken down into others by ordinary chemical reactions |
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| the smallest unit of a stubstance that retains the properties of that element |
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| represents a tiny fraction of the volume at the center of an atom, but nearly all mass |
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| electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete ___ or energy levels |
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| represent nearly all of the volume of an atom, but only a tiny fraction of the mass |
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| number of protons in the nucleus |
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| number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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| atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons |
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| retain all of their protons and neutrons through time |
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| spontaneously lose subatomic particles from their nuclei over time |
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| controlled by outermost shell (valence) electrons |
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| typically react unless their valence shell is full |
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| atoms or groups of atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons, thus having a non-zero charge |
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| the smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of that substance |
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| atoms of 2 or more different elements bonded together |
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| NaCI (salt), H2O (water), and SiO2 is an example of: |
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| involves transfer of valence electrons from one agom to another |
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| involves sharing of valence electrons among adjacent atoms |
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| electrons flow freely throughout metals; results in high electrical conductivity |
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| residual forces remaining after atoms have bonded |
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| may not be consistent for all minerals |
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| color of mineral in powder form |
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| the way a mineral's surface reflects light |
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| Vitreous (shiny like glass), Earthy - (has the irridescence of a pearl), Waxy - (like wax), and Resinous - (like resin) are all examples of: |
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| nonmetallic physcial properties of minerals |
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| the tendency of a mineral to break along a definite plane |
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| irregular break in a mineral |
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| Physical Properties of Minerals are: |
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Specific Gravity
Double Refraction
Magnetism
Smell
Taste
Striations
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| atoms or groups of atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons, thus having a non-zero charge |
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| positive and negative ioins are attracted to one another and may stick or ___. |
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| density relative to that of water |
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| because of weak bonds, ___ splits easily between "sandwiches" |
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| positive ions, sandwiched between tow sheet silicate layers |
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| Nearly 97% of the atoms in Earth's crust are represented by the 8 most common elements O, Si, AI, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg |
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| O, Si, AI, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg are examples of: |
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| common elements that make up 97% of the atoms in Earth's crust |
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| common mineral types which make in most minerals |
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| Mineral structure with regular 3D arrangement of atoms |
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| a negative ion is sometimes called a(n) |
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| attachment of an atom to one or more adjacent atom important in determing properties of minerals |
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| guide used to identify minerals based on the mineral's properties |
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| has the carbonate ion (e.g., calcite, dolomite) |
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| has sulfides in it (pyrite and chalcopyrite) |
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| hematite, goethite, magnetite |
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| sulfur, copper, and gold are examples of |
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| glass that is rigid but lacks the ordered arrangement of atoms |
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| minerals in the Bowen's reaction series |
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| used to represent the 4 oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom |
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| within a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, the negative charges exceed the ______. |
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| for the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron to be stable within a crystal structure it must be balanced by positively charged ions or |
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| share oxygen atoms with adjacent tetrahons |
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| For the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron to be stable within a crystal structure it must share oxygen atoms with adjacent tetrahedrons or |
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| must be balanced by positively charged ions |
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| and example of an isolated tetrahedra is: |
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| the more shared __ atoms per tetrahedron, the more complex the silicate structure |
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| 2 shared O atoms of a tetrahedron; Augite |
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| alternating 2 and 3 shared O atoms; muscovite & biotite |
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| 4 shared O atoms per tetrahedron; feldspar & quartz |
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| contain CO3 in their structures (e.g., calcite - CaCO3) |
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| contains SO4 in their structures (e.g., gypsum - CaSO4. 2H2O) |
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| contain O, but not bonded to Si, C or S (e.g., hematite - Fe2O3) |
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| composed entirely of one element (e.g., diamond - C; gold Au) |
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| molten rock, forms below Earth's surface or inside the Earth |
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| rocks that crystallize from magma at depth; also known as plutonicc rocks emplaced into surrounding country rock |
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| molten material extruded out into the Earth's surface |
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| rocks that crystallize from lava at the Earth's surface; also known as volcanic rocks |
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| rocks are identified based on |
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| over ___ minerals have been identified |
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| over 90% of Earth's crust is composed of minerals from which 5 groups |
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| feldspars, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, and quartz |
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| the primary source of metals |
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| to be considered a current resource minerals must |
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| be able to be extracted profitably |
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| rocks that crystallize from magma or lava |
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| molten rock or liquid that is mostly silica below Earth's surface |
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| magma that erupted on Earth's surface |
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| igneous rocks that crystallize below Earth's surface |
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| igneous rock that crystallizes above the Earth's surface |
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| overall appearance of a rock; controlled by rate of cooling |
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| mineral makeup of the rock; controlled by the chemical composition of the magma |
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| Earth's crust and mantle are: |
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| liquid, iron-rich, very dense, and remains deep inside the Earth |
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| composed of silica and dissolved gases, high temperature, and ability to flow are: |
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| intergrown crystals that are roughly equal in size; large enough to be seen |
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| individual minerals that make up the rock can only be seen under the microscope |
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| large crystals (phenocrysts) are embedde in an aphanitic matrix (groundmass) |
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| consolidated rock fragments during volcanic eruptions |
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| aphanitic rocks that have vesicles or spherical and elongated openings or cavities |
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| forms when magma is rapidly cooled |
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| volcanic benefits include: |
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| Hawaii, geothermal energy, climate |
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| factors affecting viscosity are |
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| composition and temperature |
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| the more ___ ___ present in lava flows, the more fluid the lava flow |
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| One cause of violent volcanic eruptions is the ____ of the magma |
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| quantity of ___ ___ and ease with which they can escape |
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