1.Explain why scientists use scientific names rather than common ones:

-People use different common names for each animal.

            -Some animals have the same common names.

            -Some species don’t even have common names because they are hardly ever seen.

it will never change

            -people know it all over the world

How to write a scientific name:

- Genus species

What is the definition of species and what are problems with this definition?

-Species-A group of animals capable of reproducing and having fertile offspring.

            -The issues with this definition include:

                        -Some offspring may be infertile

                        -Asexual reproduction

-Permian Extinction: This was the largest extinction to have ever happened. The majority of different kinds of animals (marine, insects, land animals) was wiped out.

            -Cretaceous Extinction: This was the extinction of dinosaurs.

             -Holocene Extinction: This is the current extinction occurring. This is not occurring at a normal extinction rate. The types of animals dying are megafauna (large animals), amphibians, and plants. 

What are the 3 types of cells:

What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

-Similarities: Each Eukaryotic cell is the combination of the two prokaryotic cells, Archaea and Bacteria.

            -Differences:

                        -Eukaryotic cells are bigger than prokaryotic cells.

                        -Eukaryotic cells are for more complex organisms like animals, protists, fungi, and plants.

                        -Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and plasmids, but prokaryotic cells don’t.

-Two species are going to be more similar than two animals in different taxonomic categories.

            -The order is Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. (Did King Phillip Come Over From Germany Saturday?) As you go down, there are less differences between animals in the category. 

1.Describe the historical significance surrounding the invention of the microscope:

-It led to the discovery of bacteria and brought about the study of many other things.

-They work to improve digestion.

            -They help make food.

            -They are good decomposers which helps in

                        -recycling nutrients

                        -helps clean polluted water, air, and in sewage treatment.

-they produce things like oxygen, oil, medicines, etc.

            -BAD THINGS:red tide which can reduce oxygen dissolvation, increase mortality in water animals, and increases toxins.

-It can decrease its energy and make it less likely to reproduce

            -diseases (malaria)

            -behavioral changes (in a bad way)

. Describe how fungal cells differ from plant and animal cells:

-They digest food on the outside of the body and then absorb it

            -The actual fungus is the hyphae and the mushroom is just a reproductive structure.

            -(they are also are decomposers and compete with bacteria)

What are the six kingdoms?

Which ones have prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic?

-Bacteria, Archaea have prokaryotic cells (mostly unicellular)

-Plant, Animal, Protist, Fungi have eukaryotic cells

(police ate peter's food)

-Xylem brings water from the bottom of the plant to the stomata of the plant so it can release water

-Phloem transports food made in the leaves (where photosynthesis occurs) to the rest of the cells in the plant

Mosses-Go onto land

Ferns-Have vascular tissue

Conifers-Have vascular tissue and pollination

Flowering Plants-Have Vascular tissue, pollination, and seed distribution

Molly Forgot Cocks Fly

-Plancentals-Long internal development of young (humans, elephants)

-Marsupials-Offspring born immature and have to mature outisde the body (kangaroos)

-Monotremes-mammals that lay eggs (platypus)

-r-selected species:

                -reproduce early

                        -have many offspring

                        -die young

                        -are not too protective over offspring

            -K selected species-the opposite of r-selected species

(k comes before r, k species are better)

-Type I-humans and big animals and include k-selected species. High survivorship of young)

-Type II- age doesn’t determine the chances of you staying alive or not, mostly animals that can easily get eaten so have a less survivorship rate.

-Type III-most likely to die early in life, r-selected species.

Density dependent factors

Density independent factors

-Limiters for a population that are because of their population size (higher spread of disease, not causing the disease itself however.)

-Limiters for a population that are because of other influences (ex:earthquake)

What are each of the relationships b/t animals:

-Commensalism

-Predation 

-Paratism

-Symbiosis/Mutualism

-Competition

-One benefits, the other doesn't get affected

-Predation and Parasitism:One benefits, one gets hurt

-Both benefit

-Both are affected negatively

Competition:

Intraspecific

Interspecific

-Competition between same species 

-Comp. b/t diff. species

How a population uses and gets energy

Invasive species can take over niches and ruin ecosystem process

One species per niche

Producers

Secondary Consumers

-Plants (make own food)

-Eat plants (herbivores)

-Secondary Consumers-Eat secondary consumers

-Eat everything after dead

-Animals eat other animals for energy (the energy they got from the animal or plant they ate)

-90% of energy is lost at each level-for functioning of animals in everyday lives

-Benefits and drawbacks of producing toxins (as an ad for danger) to kill predators?

- B and D's of developing toxic resistance?

(For newts)

Benefits:Get to survive

Drawbacks:Use so much energy on producing toxin that you reproduce less

(For snakes)

Benefits: Get to eat toxic animals

Drawbacks:Slower moving speed

Inclusive Fitness

Reciprocal Altruism

-Altruism between family members because want at least someone in the family to reproduce

-Where one animal does something for another while expecting that that animal will help them too

-The most abundant species in an area. Most often biomass-plants

-also used to name community (oakpine forest)

Water Cycle:

Evaporation

Condensation

-When liquid water turns into gas 

-When water vapor turns cold and becomes liquid (forms clouds)

-carbon dioxide

-cfc's

sea level rising (floods)

spread of disease (insects are migrating)

species extinction and evolution (no more habitats and being able to migrate to new places causes evolution)

What can be caused by ozone depletion?

Relate this to the nitrogen cycle and food webs, and diversity as well

-Skin cancer, algae depletion, reduction of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, DNA mutation

-No more nitrogen fixing bacteria means negative impact on plants, which feed animals. This also affects food webs in that animals have less to eat. There is also going to be less diversity as animals are dying.

Acid rain:

How is it produced?

What are the effects? 

-Formed when sulfric and nitric acid are put into the air as gases and then forms precipitation

-It kills or damages animals and biomass

-How percentage of U.S. energy comes from nuclear power?

-Why is it harmful?

-20%

-It's waste, radioactive waste takes millions and millions and millions of years to reduce by half. No one knows where to put it.

-They would deposit waste in poor areas

-Come from the manufacture of items

cells are the most basic unit of life

all cells come from other cells

all living things are composed of cells

-They are similar because:

            -They both have evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes

            -They both produce energy for their cell

-They are different because:

-They use different materials to make energy. Chloroplasts use energy(from the sun), carbon dioxide, and water and produce oxygen and glucose. If you flip this the previous resources around, then that is how mitochondria (which are in animal cells) make energy.

Interphase

metaphase

telophase

-Nucleus disappears, DNA in cell replicates

-Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell in preparation to be divided

-The rest of the cell divides, nucleus reappears, and the cell lives its life

Histone proteins-

Chromosomes-

Genes-

How many genes make each protein?

-Proteins that DNA have

-When histone proteins condense during mitosis (x shape)

-Segments of DNA that code for proteins

-1 gene=1 protein

How many chromosomes do organisms usually have?

Transcription

Translation

-Taking DNA strand to make RNA strand by matching each base pair with its partner (but replacing T's with U's)

-Make proteins out of amino acids (3 base pairs)

The process of making proteins.

Which genes are transcribed/translated depend on cell age, cells becoming mroe specialized, and environmental conditions.

Size depends on: Developmental time (earlier means larger impact) and what gene it is

Positive or Negative:Environment, amound of change

-Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)

-Transgenic Organisms

-Gene Therapy

-PLANTS that have been modified genetically 

-Animals that are given other genes in order to produce things that they usually don't produce (mice produce human ears for medical reasons)

-Genes are inserted into HUMANS as viruses to treat diseases

-Sometimes the viruses acts like not expected/gene disorders

-We don't know the gene's full effects

-Eugenics

Phenotype

Genotype

-Someone's physical appearance

-The alleles a person has (not just the one that shows on the outside)

Heterozygous

Homozygous

Two different alleles (dominant or recessive)

The same alleles (both dominant or both recessive)

Complete Dominance

Codominance

Incomplete Dominance

-where the dominant allele masks over the recessive one

-Where the offspring shows characteristics of both parents (pink is mother and white is father=pink and white flower)

-Where there is a combination of the two characteristics (blue and yellow mom and dad make a green characteristic)

What are the different blood types?

What are the possible phenotypes for Type A blood? (should be the same concept for type B)

-Type A, Type B, Type AB (Type O but don't worry about this one)

-AA or AO (O is recessive!!!!!!!!!)

-Proteins-allow for transportion of larger molecules and ones going against the concentration gradient (requires energy)

-Diffusion and osmosis-Transportation of smaller molecules going ALONG the concentration gradient (requires no energy)

• Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

• Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

• Patau atau Sy d o e Syndrome ((Triso y somy 13) 3)

• Klinefelters (Extra X chromosome)

• Turner Syndrome (missing sex chromosome)

oogenesis (how many cells produced)

spermatogenesis (how many produced)

the making of female eggs (4 but only 1 really works)

the making of male sperm (4)

Where are each of these produced and what purpose do they serve?

-B cells

-T cells

-B cells make antibodies and recognize invaders (made in the bone marrow along with white blood cells)

-T cells attack invaders themselves

The organic compound that makes your capillaries get bigger so that white blood cells can get in (this is why your injuries swell up). 

This is a part of Innate Defenses

Diseases of the immune system:

Autoimmune disease-

Immunodeficiency

HIV-

Phagocytosis-

Hypersensitivity-

Anaphalytic Shock

-When your immune system attacks itself

When your immune system isn't strong enough

hen a virus kills your t-cells (attack cells)

When your white blood cells eat your other cells

When your immune system does too much

-When the body produces too much histamine which causes a drop in blood pressure (may lead to death)

 Explain how the idea of evolution began and developed; include major contributors to the

theory (Leclerc, Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, Mendel, and DeVries)

-Leclerc discovered the concept of evolution.

            -Lamarck came up with the law of use and disuse

Weismann-proved lamarck's law wrong.

            -Wallace was the co-author of origin of species.

            -Mendel-contributed to the theory of evolution because he had provided mechanisms for how genes could be passed down in natural selection.

            -DeVries-Genetic theory for natural selection, concept of genes

Fossils

Artificial Selection

Embryology

Vestigial organs 

Homologous/Analogous

Biogeography

Homologous

Analogous

Vestigial Organs

same ancestor, diff. functions

same functions, diff. ancestors

organs that no longer are of use to an animal and that once funcftioned in its ancestor

What happened-

4.5 bya

600 million ya

2 bya 

3.5 bya

-4.5 bya-earth started

            -3.5 bya-first prokaryotic cell

            -2 bya-oxygen came; eukarotic cells start

            -600 million years ago-animals go on land and larger animals start coming.

Describe the similarities in DNA and transcription/translation between any two life forms on

Earth-

-DNA/Transcription/Translation is mostly the same for most organisms. 

-Same base pairs connect to each other and same amino acid chart.

-The only difference between the DNA of animals is the size of the genomes. Baceterium have the smallest genome while plants have the largest ones. 

List the three basic components of life forms

-no free oxygen

            -energy

            -three components of life

            -(also lots of time)