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| only one mood or emotion would be reflected in a piece |
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| piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition |
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| a repeated section of music usually played by the full orchestra, or tutti |
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| transitional section in a fugue between presentations of the subject; offers new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject |
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| play the piece upside down |
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| make the length of the notes shorter |
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| a song for a solo vocalist with orchestral accompaniment |
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| a group of singers performing together generally with more than one to a part |
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| ground bass; basso ostinato |
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| variation form in which a musical idea in the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above it continually change |
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| composition in several movements usually written for a chorus, one or more vocal soloists, and instrumental ensemble |
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| abrupt alternation between loud and soft dynamic levels |
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| composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra |
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| second presentation of the subject in a fugue |
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| compostional procedure used in fugues, in which the subject is imitated before it is completed; one voice tries to catch another |
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| beginning with the last note of the piece and proceeding backwards towards the first |
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| a drama that is sung to choral accompaniment, usually a large scale composition employing vocal soloist, chorus, orchestra, costumes, and scenery |
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| a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech |
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| Orchestral piece at beginning of the opera that plays on the theme of the opera |
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| a set of dance inspired movements all written in the same key but differing in tempo, meter, and character |
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| large scale composition for a chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative text, but without acting, scenery, or costumes, often based on biblical stories |
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| figured bass; basso continuo |
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| baroque accompaniment made up of a bass part usually played by two instruments: keyboard + a low melodic instrument |
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| polyphonic composition based on one main theme, or subkect |
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| a melodic idea that accompanies the subject fairly constantly |
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| single tone, usually in the bass, which is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it |
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| make the length of the notes longer |
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| in opera, a piece performed by three or more solo singers |
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| male singer castrated before puberty to retain a high voice range |
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| hymn tune sung to a German religious text |
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