Term
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Definition
Female breasts are accessory reproductive organs whose function is to produce milk for nourishing newborn
Breast have extensive lymphatic drainage |
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Term
| Where can you go for info on breast cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the HHQ you ask when performing a beast exam? |
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Definition
Pain
Lump
Discharge
Rash
Swelling
Trauma
History of breast disease
Surgery
Self-care behaviors
Breast self-examination
Last mammogram
Tenderness, lump, or swelling
Rash |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Paget's rash? |
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Definition
| starts with crust on nipple and spreads to areola (form of breast cancer) |
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Term
| What are the preadolescent developmental variations? |
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Definition
| Gradual enlargement, possible asymmetry |
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Term
| What are the pregnant women developmental variations? |
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Definition
| Enlargement, nodular, nipple change, venous pattern |
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Term
| What are the aging woman's developmental variations? |
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Definition
| Reduction in size and elasticity, inner structures more prominent |
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Term
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Definition
Rudimentary structure consisting of a thin disk of undeveloped tissue underlying nipple
Areola well developed, although nipple is small |
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Term
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Definition
| during adolescence, it is common for breast tissue to temporarily enlarge |
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Term
| When does breast development begin? |
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Definition
Beginning of breast development PRECEDES menarche (usually around age 12)
Because of hormonal changes in nonpregnant woman, breast nodularity changes with menstrual cycle-nodularity increases midcycle up to menstruation-breasts feel tight, heavy 3-4 days prior. |
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Term
| What are the breast cancer risk factors that cannot be changed? |
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Definition
Gender/Aging (>50 yrs)
Genetic risk (BRCA 1&2)
Family history of breast cancer (1st degree)
Personal history of breast cancer
Race
Early menarche/late menopause
Radiation to the chest
Breast Density
Atypical hyperplasia by biopsy |
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Term
| What are the lifestyle related risks of breast cancer? |
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Definition
Nulliparity or 1st child after 30 years old
Recent oral contraceptives
Never breastfed a child
Recent/long term use of hormones
Alcohol > 1 drink/day
Obesity/high fat diet
Physical inactivity |
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Term
| What race has a higher incidence of breast cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What race has a higher incidence of life threatening/deadly cancer |
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Definition
| African American: lower incidence/higher death rate |
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Term
| Who is at a lowered risk for breast cancer? |
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Definition
| Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian women have a lower incidence and death rate for breast cancer |
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Term
| What is the gross anatomy of the breast? |
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Definition
-Pectoris major muscle
-Axillary tail of Spence
-Serratus anterior muscle
-Montgomery's Glands
-Nipple
-Areola |
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Term
| What is the internal anatomy of the breast? |
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Definition
Glandular tissue
Fibrous tissue including suspensory ligaments
Adipose tissue
Glandular tissue contains 15 to 20 lobes radiating from nipple, and these are composed of lobules
Breast may be divided into four quadrants by imaginary horizontal and vertical lines intersecting at nipple |
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Term
| What are the 5 commandments of breast health? |
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Definition
Perform a self-breast exam routinely
Have a clinical breast exam yearly
If warning signs appear, see your doctor immediately
Talk with your doctor about ways to reduce your risk
Set a schedule of yearly, regular, mammograms |
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Term
| What is the early detection triad? |
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Definition
A mammogram needs to be coupled with a yearly clinical breast exam and a monthly breast self-exam
A clinical exam may find changes in the breast that would require additional evaluation with other screening tests such as ultrasound or dedicated breast |
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Term
| When should you do a breast exam? |
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Definition
| 3-5 days after period starts |
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Term
| What hand examines what breast? |
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Definition
| Right hand examines Left breast , Left hand examines Right breast. |
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Term
| How do you document a mass? |
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Definition
Location
Size
Shape
Consistency
Mobility
Distinctness
Nipple Retraction
Overlying skin
Tenderness
Lymphadenopathy |
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Term
| What is benign breast disease? |
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Definition
Formerly fibrocystic breast disease)
Multiple tender masses |
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Term
| What are the 6 diagnostic categories of BBD? |
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Definition
Swelling & tenderness
Mastalgia-dull, heavy, > premenses
Nodularity-bilat, reg, firm, mobile…
Dominant lumps*
Nipple discharge*
Infections & inflammation |
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Term
| What is fibrocystic breast condition? |
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Definition
| Fibrocystic changes of the breast that include a range of changes involving the lobules, ducts, and tissues of the breast |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought to be caused by an imbalance in normal estrogen-to-progesterone ratio |
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Term
| What is a benign breast lump? |
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Definition
Fibroadenoma
Solitary nontender mass
Solid, firm, rubbery & elastic
Round, oval or lobular
1 – 5 cm
Freely moveable, slippery
Most common 15 – 30, up to 55 y/o
Grows quickly & constantly
Benign, although must be diagnosed by biopsy
Usually located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast |
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Term
| What is a cancerous breast lump? |
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Definition
Solitary, unilateral nontender mass
Solid, hard dense & fixed as it becomes invasive
Irregular borders, poorly differentiated
Grows constantly
Often painless
Most common UOQ |
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Term
| What does advanced stage breast cancer feel like? |
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Definition
| Advanced: firm/hard irregular axillary nodes, skin dimpling, nipple retraction, elevation & discharge |
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Term
| What are the complications from breast cancer? |
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Definition
Complications include:
Invasion of lymph channels causing skin edema
Metastasis to lymph nodes
Bone, lungs, brain, and liver—sites of metastatic disease from breast cancer
Ulceration of overlying skin |
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Term
| What HHQ should you ask when performing a testicular exam? |
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Definition
Self-care behaviors
Lumps or swelling of testes or scrotum?
History of undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) as infant?
Ever been told have a hernia?
Dragging, heavy feeling in scrotum? |
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Term
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Definition
T = Timing
Monthly
S = Shower
Warm water relaxes scrotal sac
E = Examine
Check for changes and report |
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Term
| What age range has the highest incidence of testicular cancer? |
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Definition
Age 15 – 40
Men w/undescended testicles
Whites 4 x more likely than non-whites |
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Term
| What is an early testicular tumor? |
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Definition
Painless, found on exam
Firm nodule or harder than normal section of testicle
Solitary nodule |
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Term
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Definition
Most common symptom is enlarged testis, has feel of increased weight
Enlarged testis, smooth, ovoid, firm |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual enlargement normal with aging |
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Term
| Who is at increased risk for prostate cancer? |
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Definition
Increased risk with family history and if African American
Risk increased if multiple family members or young age at diagnosis |
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Term
| What testing is involved with prostate cancer? |
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Definition
Blood for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Digital rectal exam (DRE)
With no risk factors:
DRE yearly at 40,
PSA yearly at 50 |
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Term
| The nurse is aware that which of these statements is true regarding the incidence of testicular cancer? |
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Definition
| C. Men with a history of cryptorchidism are at greatest risk for development of testicular cancer. |
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