Term
| What are the types of arthritis? |
|
Definition
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Arthritis
Fibromyalgia
Psoriatic Arthritis
Gout
Sjögren's Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common joint disorder, which is due to aging and wear and tear on a joint |
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Term
| What is rheumatoid arthritis? |
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Definition
| long-term disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It can also affect other organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a common syndrome in which a person has long-term, body-wide pain and tenderness in the joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. |
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Term
| What is psoriatic arthritis? |
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Definition
| a joint problem (arthritis) that often occurs with a skin condition called psoriasis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| arthritis. It occurs when uric acid builds up in blood and causes inflammation in the joints |
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Term
| What is Sjögren's Syndrome? |
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Definition
| autoimmune disorder in which the glands that produce tears and saliva are destroyed. This causes dry mouth and dry eyes. |
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Term
| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
| rubor, redness; calor, heat (or warmth); tumor, swelling; and dolor, pain; a fifth sign, functio laesa, inhibited or lost function, is sometimes added |
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Term
| What is inflammation for the body? |
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Definition
| Inflammation is part of the body's immune response |
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Term
| Is inflammation always a sign of infection? |
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Definition
| Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an infection causes inflammation |
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Term
| What are the 3 body processes that occur with inflammation? |
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Definition
1.) Arterioles dilate
2.) The capillaries become more permeable, so fluid and blood proteins can move into interstitial spaces
3.) Neutrophils, and possibly some macrophages migrate out of the capillaries and venules (small veins that go from a capillary to a vein) and move into interstitial space |
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Term
| What are the 5 signs of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
PRISH
P - Pain
R - Reddness
I - Immobility
S - Swelling
H - Heat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| "injured function", which can also mean loss of function |
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Term
| What are the causative agents of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
| harmful bacteria or injury to tissue |
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Term
| What cells are involved in the acute inflammation? |
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Definition
| mainly neutrophils, basophils (in the inflammatory response), and eosinophils (response to parasites and worms), and mononuclear cells (macrophages, monocytes) |
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Term
| What are the primary mediators of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
| eicosanoids, vasoactive amines |
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Term
| What is the onset of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the duration of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
| short-lived, only a few days |
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Term
| What is the outcome of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
| the inflammation either gets better (resolution), develops into an abscess, or becomes a chronic inflammation |
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Term
| What are the causative agents of chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
| non-degradable pathogens that cause persistent inflammation, infection with some types of viruses, persistent foreign bodies, overactive immune system reactions |
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Term
| What are the cells involved in chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
| Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells (these three are mononuclear cells), and fibroblasts |
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Term
| What are the primary mediators of inflammation? |
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Definition
| reactive oxygen species, hydrolytic enzymes, IFN-γ and other cytokines, growth factors |
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Term
| What is the onset of chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
| from several months to years |
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Term
| What are the outcomes of chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
| the destruction of tissue, thickening and scarring of connective tissue (fibrosis), death of cells or tissues (necrosis) |
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Term
| What is an autoimmune disease? |
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Definition
| An autoimmune disease is one where the body initiates an immune response to healthy tissues, mistaking them for harmful pathogens or irritants. |
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Term
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Definition
| there can be inflammation in the joints, lungs, heart, kidney and skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| edema) is the build up of fluid in the interstitium( space surrounding cells |
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Term
| What are early symptoms of osteoarthritis? |
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Definition
| insidious nature and often do not correlate well with radiographic abnormalities. Later, extensive bone changes, muscle weakness, and loss of joint integrity can lead to more-dramatic joint deformity and disability. |
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Term
| What are the physical findings of osteoarthritis? |
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Definition
| painful limitation of movement, bony crepitus, and, occasionally, joint effusions and joint line or bone tenderness. As the disease progresses, more permanent joint deformities can occur in the forms of contractures, osteophytes, and loss of joint function. |
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Term
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Definition
| RA is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the lining of the joints. The body tissue is mistakenly attacked by its own immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| DMARDs that work by curbing the underlying processes that cause certain forms of inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis. |
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Term
| What are the DMARD drugs? |
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Definition
| methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, and leflunomide |
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Term
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Definition
| was originally used as a chemotherapy treatment for cancer. When used in much lower doses for rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, methotrexate works to reduce inflammation and to decrease joint damage |
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Term
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Definition
| used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and of arthritis associated with ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease |
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Term
| What is hydroxychloroquine? |
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Definition
| originally developed as a treatment for malaria, was later found to improve symptoms of arthritis. It can be used early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis and is often used in combination with other DMARDs |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits production of inflammatory cells to reduce inflammation. |
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Term
| What is Azathioprine? (AZA) |
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Definition
| been used in the treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and a variety of other inflammatory illnesses since the 1950s |
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Term
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Definition
| originally developed to prevent rejection after organ transplantation. It works in patients with rheumatoid arthritis to inhibit T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| a person has long-term, body-wide pain and tenderness in the joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. |
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Term
| What are the other symptoms of fibromyalgia besides pain? |
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Definition
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Memory and concentration problems
Numbness and tingling in hands and feet
Reduced ability to exercise
Tension or migraine headaches |
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Term
| Where does gout usually affect people? |
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Definition
| initially affects the joints of the big toe (a condition called podagra). But many other joints and areas around the joints can be affected in addition to or instead of the big toe. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)2 taken orally (by mouth), or corticosteroids, which are taken orally or injected into the affected joint. NSAIDs reduce the inflammation caused by deposits of uric acid crystals, but have no effect on the amount of uric acid in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)2 taken orally (by mouth), or corticosteroids, which are taken orally or injected into the affected joint. NSAIDs reduce the inflammation caused by deposits of uric acid crystals, but have no effect on the amount of uric acid in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves that transmit pain. These are free nerve endings located in various body tissues that respond to thermal, mechanical, & chemical stimuli. |
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Term
| What makes a pain receptor sensitive? |
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Definition
| When tissue becomes injured, they release chemicals called prostaglandins and leukotrienes that make the pain receptor more sensitive and these causing pain. |
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Term
| What are types of pain according to the source? |
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Definition
1.) Visceral
2.) Somatic
3.) Neuropathic |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of pain according to duration and onset? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the central analgesics? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1- Aspirin
2- Paracetamol
3- Diclofenac
4- Piroxicam
5- Ibuprofin
6- Ketoprofin |
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Term
| What is a opiod analgesic? |
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Definition
| Opioid” is a natural or synthetic drug that binds to opioid receptors producing agonist effects. |
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Term
| What are the chemical classifications of opioid analgesics? |
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Definition
1.) Phenanthrene group (Morphine)
2.) Benzolisoquinoline group
Eg: Papaverine |
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Term
| What are the receptor occupation classifications of opiod analgesics? |
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Definition
1.) Agonists
Eg: Morphine
2.)Antagonists
Eg: Naloxone
3.)Mixed agonist-antagonist
Eg: Nalorphine |
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Term
| What are the classifications of opioid analgesics according to source? |
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Definition
1.)Natural opium alkaloids
Eg: Morphine
2.)Semisynthetic derivatives
Eg: Heroine
3.)Synthetic opioids
Eg: Pethidine |
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Term
| What is the prototype of the opioid analgesic group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an opioids effect dependent on? |
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Definition
| have an onset of action that depends on the route of administration |
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Term
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Definition
| causes hyper polarization of nerve cells , inhibition of nerve firing and presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release |
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Term
| What are the cellular effects of opioid analgesics? |
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Definition
effects of these drugs involve enhancement of neuronal potassium efflux
( hyperpolarizes neurons and makes them less likely to respond to a pain stimulus ) and inhibition of calcium influx ( decreases neuro- transmitter release from neurons located along the pain transmission pathway ) |
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Term
| How do opiods relieve pain? |
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Definition
| by raising the pain threshold at the spinal cord level and more importantly by altering the brains perception of pain |
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Term
| What are the pharmacological actions of opioids? |
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Definition
Analgesia
Respiratory depression
Cough suppression
Vagal stimulation (bradycardia)
Sedation & hypnosis
Hypothermia
Itching
Physical & pshycological dependence
Euphoria
Histamine release , hypotension |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of morphine? |
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Definition
| nausea, vomiting, dizziness, mental clouding, respiratory depression, constipation, dysphoria, urinary retention, & hypotension, allergic reactions, tolerance, dependence, |
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Term
| What are corticosteroids? |
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Definition
| man-made drugs that closely resemble cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally |
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Term
| What are some popular corticosteroids? |
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Definition
| cortisone, prednisone, and methylprednisolone. Prednisone is the most commonly used type of steroid to treat certain rheumatologic diseases. |
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Term
| What are some local corticosteroids? |
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Definition
| local steroid treatments include joint injections, eye drops, ear drops, and skin creams. |
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Term
| How are systemic corticosteroids administered? |
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Definition
| include oral medicines (given by mouth) or medicine that is delivered directly into a vein (intravenously or IV) or muscle (intramuscularly). |
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Term
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Definition
| Non steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs are aspirine-type or non-opioid analgesics. |
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Term
| What other properties do NSAIDs have? |
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Definition
| have anti-inflamatory, anti pyretic & uricosuric |
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Term
| What is a uricosuric medication? |
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Definition
| are substances that increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine, thus reducing the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma. |
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Term
| What is the active principle in an NSAID? |
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Definition
| Saliciin which is converted to salicylic acid in the body |
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Term
| What are the 2 classifications of NSAIDs? |
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Definition
1.) Non-selective COX inhibitor
2.) Selective COX-2 inhibitors |
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Term
| What are the non-selective COX inhibitors? |
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Definition
Salicylic acid derivatives. Eg: aspirine
Para aminophenol derivatives. Eg: paracetamol
Pyrazolone derivatives. Eg: Sphenylbutazone
Indole acetic acid derivatives. Eg: sulindac
Arylacetic acid derivatives. Eg: diclofenac
Propionic acid derivatives. Eg: ibuprofen
Anthralinic acid derivatives. Eg; flufenamic acid
Oxicams. Eg: piroxicam
Alkanones. Eg: nabumetone |
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Term
| What are the selective COX-2 inhibitors? |
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Definition
| Nimesulidde, celecoxib, rofecoxib |
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Term
| What are the pharmacological actions of NSAIDs? |
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Definition
Analgesia
Antipyretic actions
Anti-inflamatory actions
Respiration stimulation
Metabolic effects
Immunological effects
Uric acid excretion
Blood- delayed clotting time |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
Rare.
Can cause GI distress, ulcers, haemolysis, nephrotoxicity, Reye's syndrome, Salicylism, Acute salicylate intoxication |
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Term
| What are NSAIDs used for? |
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Definition
| are mostly used for mild to moderate pain. |
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Term
| What are the COX 1 & 2 NSAIDs? |
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Definition
| Ibuprofen, aspirin, ketrolac, diclofenac |
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Term
|
Definition
| celecoxib, rofecoxib, nimesulide |
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Term
| What does a therapeutic dose of aspirin to the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| At therapeutic doses, aspirin increases alveolar ventilation |
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Term
| What does a higher dose of aspirin do to the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Higher doses work directly on the respiratory center in the medulla, resulting in hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis that usually is adequately compensated by the kidney. |
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Term
| What do toxic levels of aspirin do to the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| central respiratory paralysis occurs, and respiratory acidosis results due to continued production of CO2. |
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Term
| What does aspirin do the GI system? |
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Definition
| Epigastric distress, ulceration, haemorrhage, and iron-deficiency anaemia |
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Term
| What is used to treat an aspirin ulcer? |
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Definition
| Misoprostol (PGE1-derivative) and the proton-pump inhibitors (lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole) can also be used for the treatment of an NSAID-induced ulcer |
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Term
| What do low doses of aspirin do to the platelets of the body? |
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Definition
| can irreversibly inhibit thromboxane (enhances platelet aggregation) production in platelets |
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Term
| What does aspirin do to the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Decreased synthesis of prostaglandins can result in retention of sodium and water and may cause edema and hyperkalemia in some patients |
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Term
| What makes aspirin useful in treating arthritis? |
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Definition
| The salicylic acid derivatives are used in the treatment of rheumatic fever, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
| What is the dose of acetaminophen for adults? |
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Definition
| Adult: 0.5 – 1g every 4-6 hrs. |
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Term
| What is the dose of acetaminophen in 6-12 y/o? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the dose of acetaminophen in 1-5 y/o? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the goal of combiningg analgesics with different pain meds? |
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Definition
| The goal of combining analgesics with different mechanisms of action is to use lower doses of the component drugs. |
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Term
| Do opioids work for dental pain> |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the combinations of acetaminophen? |
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Definition
Acetaminophen 1000mg combined with codeine 60mg.
Acetaminophen 1000mg combined with oxycodone 10mg.
Acetaminophen 650mg combined with tramadol 75mg.
Acetaminophen 500mg combined with hydrocodone 7.5mg. |
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Term
| What are the combinations of NSAIDs? |
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Definition
Ibuprofen 400mg combined with codeine 60mg.
Ibuprofen 400mg combined with oxycodone 10mg.
Ibuprofen 400mg combined with hydrocodone 15mg.
Ibuprofen is also combined with tramadol. |
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Term
| What is used to treat gout? |
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Definition
Colchicine a plant alkaloid, has been used for the treatment of acute gouty attacks as well as chronic gout.
Allopurinol reduces the production of uric acid by competitively inhibiting the last two steps in uric acid biosynthesis that are catalyzed by xanthine oxidase |
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Term
| What is used to treat RA? |
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Definition
| Gold therapy - injections are given every week. After that, gold may be given less often if it is working |
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