Term
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Definition
| A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable. |
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Definition
| The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. |
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Term
| Bio-psycho-social perspective |
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Definition
| A contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. |
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Definition
| A psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially. Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety. |
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Definition
| A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which a person’s continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences chest pain, choking, and other frightening sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
| Dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. |
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Term
Psychoanalysis/
Psychodynamic Therapy |
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Empathic listening in which the listener echoes , restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that triggers unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| An operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that teaches new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
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Term
| Cognitive-behavior therapy |
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Definition
| A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that treats family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide toward positive relationships and improved communication. |
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Term
| Regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| The tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward the average. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the effects of drug on mind and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that provides an effective therapy for the mood swings of bipolar disorders. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
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Definition
| A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion- controlling centers of the inner brain. |
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self acceptance. |
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Term
| Virtual reality exposure therapy |
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Definition
| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors. |
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Term
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) |
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Definition
| The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The personal strength that helps most people coe with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. |
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Term
| Regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without physical cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. |
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