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| a theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule |
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| the institution and processes through which public policies are made for a society |
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| the sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation |
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| political channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. In the US linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. |
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| issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given point in time. |
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| an overall set of values widely shared within a society. |
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| a condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. The results is that nothing may get done. |
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| Policymaking Institutions |
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| the branches of government such as the legislature, executive, and judicial, charged with taking action on political issues. |
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| the process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue. Politics produces authoritative decisions about public issues. |
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| effects a policy has on people and problems. |
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| items such as clean air and water, that everyone must share. |
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| a choice that government makes in response to a political issue. A policy is a course of action when taken with regard to some problem. |
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| groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics. These features may distinguish them from traditional interest groups. |
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| opponents of the American Constitution at the times when the states were contemplating its adoption. They argued for the state's rights and a Bill of Rights. |
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| a law passed by a legislature that allows a prisoner to be punished without a trial. This is prohibited by the constitution. |
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| a political system that spreads the power among many sub-units such as states and has a weak central government. |
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| the Great Compromise, reached at the Constitutional Convention that created the bicameral Congress with the House of Representatives based on the U.S. population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives. |
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| the idea that government derives it's authority by sanction of the people. |
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| people selected by each state legislature to formally cast their ballots for the presidency. |
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| a constitutional amendment proposed by Congress in 1972 stating that "equality of rights" would not be denied to anyone regardless of sex. The proposal failed to be ratified by the 3/4 of the state legislature. |
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| a law that punishes a person for acts that were not illegal or not as punishable when the act was committed. This is also prohibited by the Constitution. |
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| interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist No. 10, Madison's response to this was to create a federalist republic that would divide the powers of the factions (today called interest groups and political parties) |
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| the idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens. |
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| 1803 case that established the court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress. |
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| the proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress, regardless of the state's population. |
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| a series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of armers to block foreclosure proceedings. |
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| a belief by John Locke that people are naturally free and equal but that freedom led inevitability ti inequality and eventually chaos. |
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| a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. There are two prominent forms- authoritarian and parliamentary. |
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| the proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for the representation of each state in Congress in prohibition to that state's share of the U.S. population |
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| federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. |
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| federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories" of state and local spending. They come with strings attached. |
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| powers that both the state and national governments hold such as levying taxes or maintaining judicial systems. |
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| a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. Sometimes known as "marble cake federalism" |
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| "Creeping categorization" |
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| when block grants become more categorical. |
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| Cross-cutting requirements |
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| when the federal government influences state policy where it requires that the federal grant must be extended to all activities supported by federal funds. For example- if a university discriminates in athletics, it will lose federal funds in all areas. |
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| applied by the federal government in which federal funds in one program to influence state and local policy in another one. For example- Reagan withheld money for highway construction until states raised the drinking age to 21. |
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| transferring of responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments. |
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| a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible of some policies. Sometimes known as layer cake federalism. |
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| another name for art I sect 8 Clause 18 or the necessary and proper clause. |
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| powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution for Congress. They are found in Art I Section 8 |
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| a legal process where an alleged criminal offender is surrounded by the officials of one state to the officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. Also found in Article IV. |
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| pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. |
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| federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. |
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| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
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| Found in Art IV that requires each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements of other states. |
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| 1824 landmark case that allowed the Supreme Court to interpret the Commerce clause allowing Congress to regulate virtually every form of commercial activity. |
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| powers of the federal government that go beyond the enumerated powers. The constitution specifies this in Art I section * Cl 18 which states "Congress has the power to make all laws that are necessary and proper for carrying into execution. |
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| Intergovernmental Relations |
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| the workings of the federal system - the entire set of interactions among national, states, and local governments. |
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| the view that the Constitution should be broadly interpreted. |
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| a rule that tells states what they must do in order to comply with federal guidelines an d are often tied to federal grants. if the rules do not have money attached to them they are called unfunded mandates. |
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| 1819 Supreme Court case that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. It also upheld the right of Congress's implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers provided by the Constitution. |
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| right of a state to declare null and void a federal law that in the state's opinion, violated the Constitution such as Calhoun's attempt to get the Southern States to declare "null and void" any attempts by the federal government to ban slavery. |
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| Privileges and Immunities |
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| a clause in Ary IV giving citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens in other states. |
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| federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications. |
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| powers held by the states themselves. |
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| Standard Operating Prodecures |
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| established procedure to be followed in carrying out a given operation or in a given situation. A specific procedure or set of procedures so established. |
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| states working together with each other to solve problems across state lines such as environmental or civil defense. |
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| the view that states that the powers of the national government should be narrowly construed and sharply limited. |
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| Art VI of the constitution which makes the constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws. |
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| states that powers not given to the US by the constitution, nor prohibited by the Constitution to the states, are reserved to the states. |
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| 1995 case in which the Court rues that Congress had exceeded its authority when it banned possession of guns within one thousand feet of any school. The law was declared unconstitutional because it had nothing to do with the commerce clause. |
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