Term
| Describe the first line of defense in the immune system. |
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Definition
| physical & chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering body |
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Term
| Is the first line of defense specific or nonspecific? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Any living organism or virus that can cause illness. |
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Term
| What are some examples of structures in the 1st line of defense? |
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Definition
| unbroken skin, nose, eyes, nostrils, mucous membranes, stomach acids |
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Term
| How does your skin protect you from pathogens entering your body? |
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Definition
| skin cells are tightly packed together, skin cell shed, secretes oils/sweat |
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Term
| How do mucus membranes protect you from pathogens? |
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Definition
| pathogens stick to mucus, then you can cough up mucus or blow it out your nose |
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Term
| How do tears protect you from pathogens? |
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Definition
| tears wash away pathogens |
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Term
| Describe the 2nd line of defense. |
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Definition
| nonspecific immune response |
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Term
| What is the job of white blood cells? |
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Definition
| recognizes foreign molecules & kills them |
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Term
| What is the function of a macrophage? |
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Definition
| draws pathogens in by endocytosis, relases enzymes that kill pathogen |
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Term
| When does an inflammaotry response occur? |
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Definition
| when cells are damaged & pathogens have entered at the injury site |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signals sent out by injured cells, causes blood vessels to enlarge |
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Term
| What are the steps of the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| 1. injured cells send out histamine signals 2. blood vessels dialate 3. extra blood & WBCs remove pathogens |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a fever? |
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Definition
| to increase temperature in body & kill bacteria |
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Term
| Describe the 3rd line of defense. |
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Definition
| your immune system, recognizes/kills specific pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| your body is resistant to a pathogen that causes a specific disease |
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Term
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Definition
| protein located on surface of pathogen that starts an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| protein on surfaces of WBCs that attach to certain antigens & flag a pathogen for death |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between antigens & antibodies. |
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Definition
| they fit like puzzle pieces, only 1 type of antibody will attach to a certain antigen |
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Term
| What is the function of B cells? |
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Definition
| defend against pathogens that have not yet invaded cells |
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Term
| Describe the function of T cells. |
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Definition
| attack cells that have been infected |
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Term
| Describe the process of how B cells work. |
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Definition
| antibody on B cell attaches to antigen on pathogen, B cell is activated, B cell makes clones of itself, B cells produce many antibodies to fight pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| long lasting B & T cells that recognize pathogen upon 2nd attack |
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Term
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Definition
| dead pathogen still has antigens, body response & creates antibodies & memory cells, you are protected against that pathogen |
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Term
| How are allergies related to the immune system? |
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Definition
| allergies are caused by a hyperactive immune system |
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat allergies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| body's immune system attacks itself |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune disease that attacks body tissues |
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Term
| What is multiple sclerosis? |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease that attacks the central nervous system |
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Term
| What is rheumatoid arthritis? |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease that attacks cartilage & joints |
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Term
| How is malaria transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is toxoplasmosis transmitted? |
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Definition
| contaminated soil, eating undercooked meat,improper handling of cat litter |
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Term
| How is dysentery transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is giardia transmitted? |
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Definition
| surfaces/soil/food/water contaminated with feces |
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Term
| Which disease that we learned about are caused by protists? |
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Definition
| malaria, toxoplasmosis, dysentery, giardia |
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Term
| Are protists prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more advanced, protists or bacteria? |
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Definition
| protists, they are eukaryotes |
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Term
| How do protists reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do animal-like protists called protozoans have cell walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do protozoans live? |
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Definition
| mostly aquatic envirnments |
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Term
| Are protozoans autotrophic or heterotrophic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a protozoan. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tail like structure that allows zooflagellates to move in their environment |
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Term
| How do protozoans like amoebas move? |
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Definition
| pseudopod, extends its cytoplasm to move |
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Term
| What are the purposes of cilia? |
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Definition
| help protozoans move around & bring food to their "mouth" |
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Term
| Are fungus-like protists autotrophs or heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| heterotrophs, feed on decaying matter |
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Term
| Give an example of a fungus-like protist. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are algae autotrophs or heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| autotrophs, use photosynthesis |
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Term
| Give an example of a plant-like protist. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plant-like protists that live near the surface of water |
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Term
| What are some of the positive impacts of protists? |
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Definition
| sustain food chain, give off oxygen via photosynthesis, thickening agents, abrasives for cleaning |
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Term
| Can protists cause diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more advanced, protists or fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do fungi obtain food/energy? |
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Definition
| heterotrophs, feed on decaying matter |
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Term
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Definition
| structures of fungi, tiny threads of cytoplasm that are covered by a cell membrane & cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| structure of fungi, interwoven, functions as feeding mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cells released from fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| spores are made via mitosis, the spores are released & grow into new fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| type of fungi that grows fast in warm, moist places |
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Term
| Give an example of a mold. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| type of fungi, live with algae |
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Term
| What is a symbiotic relationship? |
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Definition
| relationship between 2 species that is beneficial to at least 1 |
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Term
| What are some of the benefits of fungi? |
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Definition
| enriches soil, protects some plants from disease, used to make antibiotics/medicine, yeast makes bread rise |
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Term
| What are some of the negative impacts of fungi? |
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Definition
| causes trees/wood to rot, may cause diseases/infections |
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Term
| What are the diseases that we talked about in class that are caused by fungi? |
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Definition
| athlete's foot, ring worm, blastomycosis |
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Term
| How is athlete's foot transmitted? |
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Definition
| direct contact with the skin of an infected person's feet, socks, shower/other surfaces |
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Term
| How is blastomycosis transmitted? |
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Definition
| breathing in fungus spores found in wood & soil |
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Term
| How is ringworm transmitted? |
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Definition
| skin to skin contact with infected person or surfaces, cats are common carriers |
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