each can refer to more than one species

some do not reflect the organism they signify

different languages use different names

In a binomial name, what does the first name stand for?

What does the second name stand for?

The first stands for the Genus the species belongs too.

The second stands for the specific epithet.(unique to all species in that genus)

First letter is capitalized.

Both words are italicized.

New names must have a latin ending.

It can group organisms that might not belong to that genus.

It doesn't neccessarily show evolutionary history.

It doesn't (unless specified) tell you the age of the species

We can't assume that the taxon on the tree evolved from the taxon next to it

they explain why certain phylogentic trees that seem inconsistent can be correct.

when a tree is made its is assumed that genes are transferred from one generation to the next. Some events can't be explained by this. If we observe the possibility that a gene from a different domain was introduced it can make the tree sensible.

i.e. creation of a Eukaryote

adhere to their substate or individuals in a colony.

protects from dehydration and sheild pathogenic prokaryotes from attacks by a hosts immune system

Towards a stimulus.

(exhibit taxis)

Yes.

They are usually infoldings of the plasma membrane.

structurally different, have less DNA,

many consist of a circular chromosome whose structure includes fewer proteins than found in the linear chromosomes of Eukaryotes

Lack a membrane bound nucleus

Region of the Prokaryote that contains the chromosome.

are poisoned by O₂.

some live exclusively by fermentation.

others extract chemical energy by anaerobic respiration.

lovers of extreme conditions.

include halophiles and extreme thermophiles

What are the major clades in the Excavata group?

What are the key morphological characteristics?

Diplomonads, parabasalids, Eglenozoans(Kinetoplastids and Euglenids).

(diplomonads, Parabasalids)Modified mitochondria

(Kinetoplastids, Euglenids)Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella.

What are the major clades within Chromalveolata supergroup?

What are the key morphological characteristics?

Alveolates and stremenopiles.

(dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates)Membrane-bound sacs(alveoli) beneath plasma membrane.

(diatoms, Golden algae, Brown Algae, Oomycetes)Hairy and smooth flagella.

What are the major clades within the Rhizarian supergroup?

What are the key morphological characteristics?

Forams and radiolarians.

(Forams)ameobas with thread like pseudopodia and a porous shell.

(Radiolarians)amoebas with thread like pseudopodia radiating from the central body

What are the major clades within the Archaeplastida supergroup?

What are the key morphological characteristics?

Red algae, Green Algae, and Land plants.

(Red algae) presence of Phycoerythin

(green Algae) Plant-type chloroplasts

What are the major clades within the Unikonta supergroup?

What are the key morphological characteristics?

Amoebozoans, and Opisthokonts.

(slime molds, Gymnameobas, Entameobas) Ameobas with lobe shaped pseudopodia

group belonging to the clade Excavata that have modified mitochondria called mitosomes.

anaerobic biochemical pathways.

because mitosomes lack electron transport chains they can not extract energy from carbohydrates and other organic materials.

group in the clade Excavata.

 have reduced mitochondria call hydrogenosomes that generate energy anerobically realsing hydrogen as a by-product.

group in the clade excavata.

  includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and parasites.

 have a spiral crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella.

Group in the clade euglenozoans.

 Have a single large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.

 includes protists that feed on prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial environments, as well as species that parasitize animals, plants, and other protists.

Group in the clade euglenozoans.

 have a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge.

 many are mixotrophs.

Group within the Chromalveolata clade.

 very well supported monophyl.

 have membrane bound sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane of unknown function.

 include three subgroups of flagellates the dinoflagellates, the apicomplexans, and the ciliates.

Alveolates characterized by their cell that are reinforced by cellulose plates.

 two flagella are located in perpendicular grooves in the armor of dinoflagellates that enable them to move through water.

 they contain photosythetic groups as well as mixotrophs and pure hetertrophs.

they are a group of organisms that belong to the clade Chromalveolates.

they are mostly parasites of animals with some causing serious disease in humans.

spread through host through tiny infectious cell known as sporozites.

one end of the sporozite contain complex organelles that specialize in penatrating host cells and tissue

they are not photosynthetic but do contain modified plastids.

reproduce both sexually and asexually.

a large froup of protists in the clade chromaveolata that obtain their name from the use of cilia to move and feed.

 cilia may completly cover the cell surface or may be clustered in rows or tufts.

 has two nuclei: the tiny micronuclei and the large macronuclei and has more than one of each type.

 generally reproduce via binary fission.

 micronuclei contain the genes for cilliate while macronuclei contain genes for everyday functions.

A group of marine Algae that belong to the clade Chromalveolata and include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on the planet as well as several clades of hetertrophs.

 have numerous fine hair-like flagellum.

Group belonging to the clade Stramenopiles in the clade chromalveolata.

 are unicellular algae that have unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix.

 walls can withstand extreme amounts of pressure

group belonging to the clade Stramenopiles in the clade Chromalveolata.

 Get their name from their yellow and brown carontenoids.

 cells are typically biflagellated with both flagella near one end of the cell.

 all golden algea are photosynthetic, but some are mixotrophs.

Group belonging to the clade Stramenopiles in the clade Chromalveolata.

 all are multicellular and most are marine.

 common along temperate coasts.

group in the clade Stramenopiles in the clade Chromalveolata.

 typically have cell walls made of cellulose

 do not contain plastids and do not perform photosynthesis.

 obtain nutrients as parasites or decomposers

Reddish colored organisms that get their color via their photosynthetic accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green chlorophyll.

 species in shallow water have less phycoerythin which cause them to be reddish green in shallow water, bright read in moderate depths, and almost black in deep water.

 They are multicellular. alteration of generations is common. have no flagellated stages of life and depend on water currents to bring gametes together for fertilization.

Organisms belonging to the clade Archaeplastida

Chloroplasts have ultrastructure and pigment composition like those of land plants.

 Are closely related to land plants.

 Divided into two group chorophytes and charophytes.

Group within the clade green algae that mostly live in water.

 Larger size and greater complexity in chlorophytes evolved from the formation of individual cells, The formation of true multicellular by cell division and differentiation, and the repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division.

 Reproduce sexually via biflagellated gametes.

Group within the clade Unikonta.

 Have lobe or tube shaped, rather than thread like, pseudopodia.

Group within the clade Ameobozoans within the clade Unikonta.

 produce fruting bodies for spore dispersal.

 Have diverged into two main branches, The plasmodial slime molds and The cellular slime molds.

What are plasmodial slime molds?

What is the job of the plasmodium?

brightly colored often yellow or orange organisms That belong to the clade slime molds in the clade amoebozoans in the clade unikonta.

 In a stage of their life they form a mass call a plasmodium which is a single mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by plasma membranes and contains many diploid nuclei.

 within the plasmodium cytoplasm steams one way and then the other ,extending pseudopodia.

 Once nutrients cease to exist the plasmodium stops growing and differentiates into fruiting bodies which function in sexual reproduction

Protists of the Clade slime molds under the clade amoebozoans in the clade Unikonta.

 When nutrients are abundant the feeding stage consists of solitary cells that function independently.

 When food is depleted the cells form an aggregate that functions as a unit.

 Cells remain seperated by their plasma membranes

 Are haploid organisms except for their zygote.

Large group within the clade amoebazoans under the clade Unikonta.

 unicellular heterotrophs that actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists.

 some also feed on detritus(nonliving organic matter)

group belonging to the clade Ameobazoans under the clade Unikonta.

 Mostly parasites.

Group belonging to the clade Ameobazoans under the clade Unikonta.

Extremely diverse including animals, fungi, and several groups of protists.

consists of multicellular filaments and single cells

Are heterotrophic.

They absorb nutrients from the environment around its body.

This is accomplished by the secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes.

The bodies of fungi form a network of tiny filaments known as Hyphae, which consists of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane. unlike plant cell walls their wall are strengthened by Chitin.

The Hyphae forms an interwoven mass called a mycelium that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds.

The mycelium's structure maximizes the fungi's surface area-volume ratio, making feeding highly efficent.

most fungi Hyphae are divided into cells by cross walls known as septa which have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

fungi improve delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants via mycellia.

plants provide fungi with organic materials.

two parent mycelia fuse together in a process known as plasmogamy. The haploid nuclei do not fuse right away forming a heterokaryon mycellium.

The two haploid nuclei from the two parent nuclei fuse together producing diploid cells(zygotes).

The zygotes then undergo meoisis to form 4 haploid which leads to the formation of spores that enable fungi to disperse.

Dikaryotic means to have two nuclei.

during the heterokaryotic stage of some mycellium the haploid nuclei pair of two to a cell. as the mycellium grows the nuclei in each cell divide in tandem without fusing.

They grow filamentatous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis. such species are known informally as molds.  

some grow as yeast which reproduce via ordinary cell division

Describe the Chytrids.

What is their distinguishing morphological or life cycle feature?

Group in the fungi clade.Live in lakes and soil.

 have flagellated spores known as zoospores 

 thought to be early evolution of fungi.

Flagellated sperm

Describe the zygomycetes.

What is their distinguishing morphological or life cycle feature?

group in the fungi clade.includes fast-growing molds.

 live as parasites or commensal symbionts of animals.

Have resistant zygosporangium as a sexual stage

A multinucleate structure, first heterokaryotic with many haploid nuclei from two parents. then with many diploid nuclei after karyogamy.

 are resistant to freezing and drying.

 are metabolically inactive.

What is a Glomerocyte.

What is their distinguishing morphological or life cycle feature?

Group in the clade fungi.

Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

90% of plant species form mutualistic partnerships with Glomerocytes.

What are the Ascomycetes.

What is their distinguishing morphological or life cycle feature?

belong in the clade fungi.

Have sexual spores(ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci.

Also produce vast number of asexual spores known as conidia

What are basdiomycetes.

What is their distinguishing morphological or life cycle feature?

fungi within the clade basidiomycota under the clade fungi.

Reproduce with ellaborate fruiting bodies known as basidiocarps containing many basidia that produce sexual spores known as basidiospores

Explain the alteration of genrations life cycle of plants?

(note:this type did not evolve in Charophytes the closest relative to the land plants)

[image]

Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Vascular Plants

plant without vascular tissue.

The lycophytes(club mosses)

The pterophytes(ferns)

A capsule.

Spores and they are produced by meosis

Upper part of the capsule featuring interlocking tooth-like structures.

When conditions are dry the teeth open and release the spores

What is Xylem?

What is its function?

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells.

Conduct water and minerals up form the roots to the rest of the plant.

What is Phloem?

What is its function?

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes.

Transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

What major benefit did Lignified vascular tissue provide below ground?

Why is this significant?

Roots.

These organs anchor plants in the ground and allow them to absorb water and nurients from the soil.

Organs that increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants.

Club mosses, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts,

What organisms are in the Phylum level clade Pterophyta?

 Ferns,Horsetails, and Whisk ferns.

A layer of sporophyte tissue.

The megasporangium.

Have a multicellular layer of tissue,the seed coat, for protection of the embryo.

Have a stored supply of food.

Since they have a stored food supply they can lay dormant until conditions are in their favor.

Plants that have a "naked" seed that are not enclosed in ovaries.

Seed are on modified leaves (sporophylls) that usually form cones(strobilli).

They have large cones and palmlike leaves.

Belong to the Gymnosperms

Has fanlike leaves.

Gymnosperms

Many are large trees that are evergreens.

Gymnosperm

Identify the structures.

[image]

1.Anthers

2.Filaments

3. Stamen

4.Stigma

5.Style

6. Ovary

7.Carpel

8. Sepal

9.Ovule

10. Petal

flowers(with closed carpels and anthers)

fruits

double fertilization

ovule with two integuments

One cotyledon

veins usually parallel

vascular tissue scattered

fibrous root system

pollen grain with one opening

floral organs in multiples of 3

Two cotyledons

veins usually netlike

vascular tissue arranged in a ring

Have a taproot(Main Root)

Pollen grains with three openings

Floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5