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| an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| psychoanalytic theory of personality |
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| Sigmund Freud's theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality |
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| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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| a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the leisure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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| the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of he id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id' desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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| a dreamer's unconscious wishes |
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| he part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations |
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| the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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| according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feeling of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
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| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos |
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| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
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| psychosexual stages during which children seek genital stimulation (3-6 years) |
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| psychosexual stage in which pleasure centers on the mouth--sucking, biting, chewing (0-18 months) |
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| psychosexual stage in which pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control (18-36 months) |
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| psychosexual stage with dormant sexual feelings (6-puberty) |
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| maturation of sexual feelings (puberty on) |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threating, unconscious reasons for one's actions |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirection anger toward a safer outlet |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities |
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| Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
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| personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
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| a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
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| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of he blots |
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| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
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| according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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| psychologists that focused on ways "healthy" people strive for self-determination and self-realization |
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| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "who am I" |
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| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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| a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence |
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| a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
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| the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
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| a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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| social-cognitive perspective |
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| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context |
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| the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
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| the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless |
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| external locus of control |
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| the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate |
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| internal locus of control |
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| the perception that you control your own fate |
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| perception that deepens feelings of resignation; developed when people feel helpless and oppressed often perceive control as external |
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| the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
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| in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feeling, and actions |
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| overestimation others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
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| one's feelings of nigh or low self-worth |
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| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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| giving priority to one's own goals over groups goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than groups identifications |
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| giving priority to the goals of one's groups and defining one's identity accordingly |
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