Term
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Definition
| First reaction glucose goes through in order to yield energy. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glucose splitting. Takes place in the cytosol of the cell. Net yield is 1 glucose molecule = 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP taken away = 4 ATP gained = net gain of 2 ATP. |
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Term
| TCA Cycle (Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle) |
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Definition
| Takes place in the inner compartment of the mitchondria. A bunch of metabolic reactions are used to break down acetyl CoA to carbon and hydrogen atoms. This cycle goes in a circular path but does not regenerate Acetyl CoA. Known as circular because acetyl CoA can only go one way in the cycle and because in the first step oxaloacetate is needed and is also needed to be synthesized in the last step. Products inculde eight released electrons and energy equivalent of one acetyl CoA from each turn of the cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Galactose and fructose enter into this process. First step: ATP is needed to begin the process (-2 ATP). Second step: 6-carbon glucose converted into other 6-carbon compounds until it is split up into two 3-carbon compounds. Third step: Coenzymes (made from B vitamin niacin) carry hydrogen and their electrons to the Electron Transport Chain. Fourth step: More ATP is produced (4 ATP). The two 3-carbon compounds continue until converted into pyruvate. Final: Two pyruvate created, 4 ATP gained with a net gain of 2 ATP. |
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Term
| TCA Cycle (Krebs/ Citric Acid Cycle) |
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Definition
| Occurs when a cell needs energy, Acetyl CoA eneters this cycle. First step: Oxaloacetate starts the cycle. Second step: Oxaloacetate joins with Acetyl CoA (a 2-carbon compound) and forms a 6-carbon compound. Third step: the 6 carbon compound drops off one carbon as carbon dioxide and then another as carbon dioxide. The hydrogens and their electrons are transported by coenzymes (made from B vitamins niacin and riboflavin) to the Electron Transport Chain. Fourth step: Once the two carbons have been released, the oxaloacetate returns and picks up another Acetyl CoA. Products include eight released electrons and the energy equivalent of one Acetyl CoA from each turn of the cycle. |
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Term
| The Electron Transport Chain |
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Definition
| This cycle takes energy from the bonds of ATP. It consists of proteins that serve as electron carriers locateed on the inner membrane of the mitchondria. This cycle ends with ATP leaving the mitchondria and entering the cytoplasm where it becomes availible to be used for its energy. |
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Term
| The Electron Transport Chain |
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Definition
| First step: Coenzymes from the TCA cycle, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation drop off hydrogens and their electrons. Second step: Electrons are passed through carriers along the chain; this causes the release of energy that helps to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane to the out part of the mitochondria. Third step: Oxygen inside the membrane accepts the electrons and hydrogen which forms water. Last step: The hydrogen ions flow from an area of high concentration to low concentration (back into the inner compartment of the mitochondria) which helps to power the synthesis of ATP. ATP leaves the mitochondria to the cytoplasm of the cell where is becomes availible to be used for its energy. |
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Term
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Definition
No matter where excess kcalories come from (fat, protein, carbohydrates) the fat cells will enlarge. The body uses less energy to convert dietary fat to body fat than it does to convert dietary carbohydrates to fat. When eating excess protein a person will not grow muscle unless their muscles are being used or put under stress. An increase of protein uses some protein excess but it displaces fat in the fuel mix. If excess protein is still availible, amino acids are deaminated and remaining carbons make fatty acids. As for carbs, carbs are first stored as glycogen, once glycogen storage is filled up glucose is used. Glucose is converted to fat directly once glucose stores are filled. As for fat, eating excess fat leads to fat storage. All of these are the
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Term
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Definition
When a person is doing this, their body shifts from a fed state to a state where the body draws from glucose, glycerol and fatty acid stores. Glucose and fat are released from storage to give more glucose, glycerol and fatty acids for energy usage. The body takes carbs and fatas from storage and eventually protein from tissues when in this state. Glucose from the liver's storage of glycogen will become depleted and blood glucose level will fall. Glucose is the primary fuel energy for cells in the body and causes a big problem during this state. Body uses its own fat stores to fuel cells, the brain and nerves. To provide the body with amino acids, proteins must be broken down. During this state, the body must depend on its own storages and breakdown proteins to survive. Sometimes the body goes into ketotsis. These are all the
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Term
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Definition
| The building up of body compounds, requires energy because involves work. In a chemical equation, this reaction is represented by up arrows. Examples include: Glucose molecules joined together to make glycogen chains, glycerol and fatty acids assembled into triglycerides, amino acids linked together to make proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reaction that requires the breaking down of body compounds, releases energy and is represented by down arrows in chemical equations. Examples: hydrolysis to break down glycogen to glucose, triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol, proteins to amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition where ketone bodies have a high concentration in a persons blood or urine. Conditions of this include more production of ketone bodies, higher amounts of keto acids in the blood (which drops the pH of blood) the more acidic blood denatures proteins (making them unable to function), more blood ketones are seen in urine, a fruity breath odor develops and a loss of appetite begins and will continue until the body revcieves nutrition. |
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Term
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Definition
| The making of glucose from noncarbonate sources. The liver is a mjor site of this, and the kidneys become more involved under certain circumstances (such as starvation). |
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Term
| A minimum amount of carbohydrates must be present in the diet to spare protein. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it critical that a minimum number of carbs are present to help with energy metabolism? |
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Definition
| Because without or with low amounts of carbs the body will begin a metabolism similar to the metabolism of fasting. And if the body is unable to use its carbs because there are none or little present, the body will begin to rely on proteins and other sources to fuel the body. Because carbs contain glucose which is the primary fuel for the majority of the cells in the body, they help not only fuel cells but the brain and nervous system as well. |
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Term
| Synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of what kind of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty acid oxidation is an example of what kind of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a small non-protein organic substance that promotes optinal activity of an enzyme? Is a complex organic molecule that works with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activity, many have B vitamins are part of their structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a product of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvates (or pyruvate) |
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Term
| What is a product of pyruvate metabolsim when oxygen is limited? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA (also known as beta oxidation). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a 3-carbon compound produced from pyruvae during anaerobic metabolism (no oxygen). |
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Term
| The cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobically; made of membranes (lipids and protein) with enzymes mounted on them; known as the "powerhouse" of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The oxidation product of pyruvate is |
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Definition
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Term
| A recycling process of converting lactate to glucose is |
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Definition
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Term
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is an
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Definition
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Term
| The part of triglyceride that is convertable to glucose is |
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Definition
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Term
| A product of deamination is |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle nitrogen-containing waste product is |
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Definition
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Term
What delivers electrons to the proteins of the Electron Transport Chain?
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changes in the process; protein catalysts are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| A storage form of carbohydrate is |
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Definition
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Term
| a common high-energy compound composed of a purine (adenosine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups is |
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Definition
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Term
| The major fuel energy for the central nervous system is |
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Definition
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Term
| The main form of fat in the body and in food is a |
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Definition
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Term
Individual amino acids are linked together through a(n):
a. Hydrolysis reaction
b. photosynthesis
c. anabolic reaction
d. catabolic reaction |
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Definition
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Term
Catabolic reactions:
a. release energy
b. are condensation reactions
c. require different amounts of energy to proceeed
d. are irreversible |
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Definition
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Term
Which vitamin participates as a coenzyme during the process of glycolysis?
a. thaimin
b. riboflavin
c. choline
d. niacin |
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Definition
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Term
An accumulation of lactate in the body can be due to:
a.inadequate oxygen
b. an overabundance of mitochondria in the body
c. aerobic conditioning
d. adequate liver function |
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Definition
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Term
The only irreversible pathways noted below is:
a. lactate to pyruvate
b.pyruvate to acetyl CoA
c. glycerol to glucose
d. glucose to pyruvate
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Definition
| B. Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA |
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Term
Which of the follwing components cannot be used to make glucose?
A. Fatty acids
B. Proteins
C. Amino Acids
D. Glycerol |
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Definition
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Term
Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and the last step of the TCA cycle?
a acetyl CoA
b. oxaloacetate
c. oxalate
d. pyruvate |
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Definition
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Term
The hydrolysis of ATP that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of
a. tandem cleavages
b. high-energy processes
c. metabolic couplings
d. coupled reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Pairs of chemical reactions in wich some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound are known as |
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Definition
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Term
Glycolysis is the conversion of
A. glycogen to fat
B. glucose to pyruvate
C. glycogen to protein
D. glucose to glycogen |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy?
a ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP
b. ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP
c. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP
d. ADP releases a phosphate group and become ATP |
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Definition
| C. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP |
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Term
Which ofthe following outlines the overall sequence of event in the complete oxidation of glucose?
a. TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
b. glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
c. Cori cycle, TCA cycle, glycolysis
d. Electron transport chain, TCA cycle, Cori cycle |
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Definition
| B. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron transport chain |
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Term
What is the first product of fatty acid oxidation?
A glycerol
B Pyruvate
C Triglycerides
D Acetyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?
A Amino acids
B Carbon dioxide
C Acetyl CoA
D Fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
An immediate consequence of cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate is slowing of
a lactace synthesis
b ketone formation
c glycolysis
d the TCA cycle |
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Definition
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Term
Where do the TCA cycle reactions take place?
A nucles
B inner compartment of the mitchondria
C golgi
D Endoplasmic recticulum |
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Definition
| B inner compartment of the mitchondria |
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Term
At what point is oxygen used in the electron transport chain?
A at the end
B when ATP is synthesized
C at every step
D at the beginning |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients?
A lactate
B glycogen
C acetyl CoA
D Oxaloacetate |
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Definition
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Term
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
A 9
B 130
C 32
D 4 |
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Definition
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Term
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?
a triglycerides
b glycogen
c fatty acids
d amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
What is the net amount of ATP generated during glycolysis?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 12
D. 32 |
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Definition
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Term
Approximately how many molecules of ATP would be generated from the oxidation of 10 molecules of glucose?
A 90
B 10
C 320
D 40 |
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Definition
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Term
A 16 carbon fatty acid yields
A 16 acetyl CoA
B 4 acetyl CoA
C 2 acetyl CoA
D 8 acetyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a characteristic of ketosis?
A. may lead to a lowering of blood pH
B. it leads to increaed appetite in most individuals
C. may be alleviated quickly by ingestion of some dietary fat
D. it is a necessary physiological adjustment for maximum weight loss |
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Definition
| A. It may lead to a lowering of blood pH |
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Term
What organ is a major site for gluconeogenesis?
A. Liver
B. Brain
C. Small Intestine
D. Muscle |
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Definition
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Term
Your roommate Demetrius is participating in a weightlifting course and complains of a burning pain during workouts. You explain to Demetrius that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscles and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to
a glycerol
b acetyl CoA
c amino acids
d lactate |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following dietary nutrients woud most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person?
a carbs
b amino acids
c fat
d protein |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Glucose + glucose -> glycogen |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
AB-> A + B |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Glycerol + fatty acids -> lipids |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Electron Transport Chain |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Muscle tissue breakdown->release of amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Adipose tissue formed from fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
Anabolic or Catabolic?
NADH->NAD+ |
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Definition
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Term
| The capacity to do work is |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants make simple sugars from carbon dioxide and capture the sun's light energy in chemical bonds of those sugars is what process |
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Definition
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Term
| The sum total of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells is what? |
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Definition
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Term
Glucose + glucose = glycogen is what kind of reaction?
Glycogen-> glucose and a release of energy is what kind of reaction?
Glycerol + fatty acids = triglycerides is what kind of reaction?
Triglycerides->glycerol+fatty acids is what kind of reaction? |
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Definition
Anabolic
Catabolic
Anabolic
Catabolic |
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Term
A pyruvate is a ____ carbon structure
Acetyl CoA is a _____carbon structure
Can pyruvate be used to make glucose?
Cam Acetyl CoA be used to make glucose? |
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Definition
3-carbon
2-carbon
Yes.
No. |
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Term
| An aerobic reaction yields greater energy than an anaerobic reaction. T/F? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 glucose yields how many pyruvate and how many acetyl CoA does the pyruvate yield? |
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Definition
| 1 glucose = 2 pyruvate = 2 acetyl CoA |
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Term
Fat = __kcal/g
Carbs = ___kcal/g
Protein = ____kcal/g |
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Definition
Fat = 9 kcal/g
Carbs = 4 kcal/g
Protein = 4 kcal/g |
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Term
| Why is it a minimum amount of carbs critical to help with energy metabolism? |
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Definition
| They metabolize fructose, galactose and glucose, they make and store glycogen, they break down glycogen and release glucose, they make glucose from amino acids when needed, and they convert excess glucose and fructose to fatty acids. |
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