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Understanding Earth
Chapter 3
29
Geology
Not Applicable
09/26/2005

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Term
Mineralogy
Definition
The branch of geology that studies the composition, structure, appearance, stability, occurrence, and associations of minerals
Term
Mineral
Definition
a naturally occurring, solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic, with a specific chemical composition
Term
Proton
Definition
The positively charges particles in an atom's nucleus
Term
Atom
Definition
the smallest unit of an element that retains the physical and chemical properties of thta element
Term
Neutron
Definition
Electrically neutral, found in an atom's nucleus
Term
Electrons
Definition
Surround the nucleus in a cloud. Each has a mass so small that it is conventionally taken to be 0. Electrical charge: -1
Term
Atomic #
Definition
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Term
Atomic mass
Definition
the sum of the masses of an element's protons and neutrons
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Atoms of the same chemical element may have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses. These various kinds of toms are called this.
Term
Chemical reactions
Definition
Interactions of the atoms of two or more chemical elements in certain fixed proportions that produce new chemical substances--chemical compounds
Term
Electron transfer and Electron sharing
Definition
The two ways chemical compounds are formed
Term
Anion
Definition
Negatively charged ion
Term
Cation
Definition
Positively charged ion
Term
Ionic bond
Definition
The simplest type of chemical bond. It forms by electrical attraction between ions of the opposite charge. (Like static electricity)
Term
Covalent bonds
Definition
Stronger type of bond. It holds elements that do not readily gain or lose electrons to form ions and instead form compounds by sharing electrons.
Term
Crystallization
Definition
the growth of a solid from a gas or liquid whose constituent atoms come together in the proper chemical proportions and crystalline arrangement
Term
Crystals
Definition
Ordered 3-D arrays of atoms in which the basic arrangement is repeated in all directions
Term
Precipitate
Definition
To drop out of solution as crystals
Term
Polymorphs (example: diamond and graphite)
Definition
Alternative structures for a single chemical compound
Term
Hardness
Definition
A measure of the ease with which the surface of a mineral can be scratched
Term
Mohs Scale of Hardness
Definition
Talc 1
Gypsum 2 _____Fingernail
Calcite 3 _____Copper Coin
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5 _____Knife blade
Orthoclase 6 _______Window glass
Quarts 7 ______Steel file
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10
Term
Cleavage
Definition
The tendency of a crystal to break along flat planar surfaces
Term
Fracture
Definition
The tendency of a crystal to break along irregular surfaces other than cleavage planes
Term
Luster
Definition
The way in which the surface of a mineral reflects light
Term
Color
Definition
Imparted by light--either transmitted through or reflected by crystals, irregular masses, or a streak
Term
Streak
Definition
The color of the fine deposit of mineral dust left on an abrasive surface
Term
Density
Definition
Mass per unit volume (usually expressed as g/cm3)
Term
Specific gravity
Definition
The weight of a mineral in air divided by the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4 degrees C
Term
Crystal Habit
Definition
the shape in which a mineral's individual crystals or aggregates of crystals grow
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