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Understanding Business Ch. 12
RCC BUS 10. Nickels
66
Business
Undergraduate 1
01/30/2014

Additional Business Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define: Union
Definition
an  employee organization  whose  main  goal is representing  its  members  in  employee management  negotiations  over  job-related  issues.
Term
labor  unions were  largely  responsible for...
Definition
the  establishment  of minimum-wage  laws,  overtime  rules,  workers', compensation,  severance  pay,  child-labor  laws,  job  safety  regulations.
Term
Define: Craft Union
Definition
An  organization  of  skilled specialists in a particular craft  or  trade.
Term
What did craft unions do?
Definition

 established  to  achieve  some  short-range  goal,  such  as curtailing  the  use  of  convict  labor  as  an  alternative  to  available free labor.

 

after  attaining  their  goal,  the  union  disbanded .

Term
first  truly  national  labor  organization
Definition
Knights  of  Labor formed in 1869
Term
American  Federation  of  Labor
Definition
An  organization  of  craft unions  that  championed fundamental labor issues; founded in  1886.
Term
Define: Industrial Unions
Definition
Labor organizations  of unskilled and semiskilled
workers in mass-production industries such  as automobiles and mining
Term
Define: Congress  of  Industrial  Organizations
Definition

Union organization  of unskilled  workers; broke
away from  the  American Federation  of  Labor  (AFL)  in 1935  and rejoined  it  in  1955

 

Started by John Lewis

Term
Define: Yellow Dog Contract
Definition
A type  of  contract  that required employees to agree
as  a condition  of  employment not  to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in  1932.
Term
Norris-LaGuardia Act in  1932 prohibited ___
Definition
Yellow-Dog Contracts
Term
Define: collective bargaining
Definition
the  process  whereby  union  and  management  representatives negotiate  a  contract  for  workers
Term
Wagner  Act
Definition
obligating  employers  to  meet  at  reasonable  times  and  bargain  in  good  faith  with  respect  to  wages,  hours,  and  other  terms  and  conditions of  employment.
Term
National Labor Relations Act
Definition

  Gave  employees the right  to  form  or  join labor
organizations

 

the right to
collectively bargain with employers through elected
union representatives;

 

  right to engage  in  labor activities

 

Prohibited unfair labor practices

Term
Fair Labor Standards Act
Definition
Set a minimum wage and maximum basic hours for workers  in  interstate  commerce industries.
Term
Labor-Management Relations Act
(Taft-Hartley Act  1947
Definition
Amended  the  Wagner Act; permitted states  to  pass laws prohibiting compulsory union membership
Term
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
(Landrum-Griffin Act)
1959
Definition

Amended the Taft-Hartley Act and the Wagner Act;


guaranteed individual rights  of  union members  in  dealing with  their  union

Term
Who  oversee  labor-management  relations
Definition
National  Labor  Relations  Board  (NLRB)
Term
Define: Certification
Definition
the  formal  process  whereby  the  NLRB recognizes a  labor  union  as  the  authorized  bargaining  agent  for a  group  of  employees.
Term
Define:  Decertification
Definition
The process by which workers take away a union's right  to  represent them
Term
Define:  negotiated  labor-management  agreement
Definition
Agreement  that  sets  the tone and clarifies  the terms under which management and labor agree  to  function  over a period  of  time.
Term
Define: union security clause
Definition
Provision  in  a negotiated labor-management agreement  that  stipulates that  employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least  pay dues to the union.
Term
Define: closed shop agreement
Definition

Clause  in  a labor-management agreement
that  specified workers  had to  be  members  of  a union before being hired 


outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act  in  1947

Term
Define: union shop agreement
Definition
under  which  workers  do not  have  to  be  members  of  a  union  to  be  hired  but  must  agree  to  join  within  a prescribed  period
Term
Define: agency  shop  agreement
Definition
Clause  in  a labor-management agreement
that  says employers may hire nonunion workers;
employees are  not  required to join the union  but  must pay a union  fee.
Term
The majority of labor unions are __
Definition
Union Shop
Term
Define: right-to-work laws
Definition
Legislation  that  gives workers the right, under  an
open shop agreement, to join  or  not  join  a union  if  it is present.
Term
Define: Open Shop Agreement
Definition
Agreement in right-to-work states that gives workers
the option to join or not join a union, if one exists  in  their workplace.
Term
Define:  grievance
Definition

a  charge  by  employees  that  management  is  not  abiding  by or  fulfilling  the  terms  of  the  negotiated labor-management  agreement  as  they perceive it.

 

 do  not  imply  that  a  company  has  broken  the law  or  the  labor  agreement

Term
Define: shop stewards
Definition
Union officials  who work permanently  in  an organization and represent employee interests  on  a daily  basis.
Term
Define: bargaining zone
Definition
The range  of  options between the initial and final offer  that  each party  will consider before negotiations dissolve  or reach  an  impasse.
Term
Define: Mediation
Definition
the  use  of a  third  party, called a  mediator,  who  encourages both  sides  in  a  dispute  to  continue  negotiating  and  often  makes  suggestions  for resolving  the  matter.
Term
Define: arbitration
Definition
The  agreement to bring in  an  impartial third party
(a  single  arbitrator  or a panel  of  arbitrators) to render a binding decision in  a labor dispute
Term
Unions  primarily  use ___ for positioning
Definition

  strikes

boycott
pickets

work  slowdowns

Term
Managment  primarily  use ___ for positioning
Definition

lockouts

injunctions

strike-breakers

Term
Define: Strike
Definition
A union strategy  in  which workers refuse to  go  to work; the purpose is to further  workers' objectives after  an  impasse in collective bargaining.
Term
Define: Sickout
Definition

Aka Blue flu

 

Govt. employees are not allowed to strike so the employees massively call in sick to work around the rule

Term
Define: cooling- off  period
Definition

When workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations.

 

Taft-Hartley Act

 

  last  up  to  80 days

Term
Primary vs. Secondary Boycott
Definition

 primary boycott - labor  encourages  both  its  members  and  the  general  public  not  to  buy  the  products  or  services  of  a  firm  engaged  in  a  labor  dispute. 

 

secondary  boycott - an  attempt  by  labor  to  convince  others  to  stop  doing business  with  a  firm  that  is  the  subject  of  a  primary  boycott

Term
Secondary boycotts are prohibited by the
Definition
Taft-Hartley Act
Term
Define: Lockout
Definition
an  attempt  by  management  to  put pressure  on  union  workers  by  temporarily closing  the  business
Term
Define:  injunction
Definition
a  court order  directing  someone  to do  something  or  to  refrain from  doing  something
Term
For  a  court  to  issue  an  injunction ,  management  must...
Definition
show  a  just  cause,  such  as  the  possibility  of  violence  or  destruction  of  private property.
Term
Define:  Strikebreakers
Definition
workers  hired  to  do  the  jobs  of  striking employees  until  the  labor  dispute  is resolved
Term
Define:  givebacks
Definition
Concessions made by union members to management; gains from labor negotiations are given back to management to  help employers remain competitive and thereby save jobs.
Term
Today  the  largest  union  in  the  United  States  is  the ___
Definition

Service Employees International  Union  (SEIU)

 

2.2 million  members

Term
Equal  Pay  Act  of  1963
Definition
requires  companies  to  give  equal  pay to  men  and  women  who  do  the  same  job
Term
Define: comparable worth
Definition
suggested  people  in  jobs  requiring  similar  levels  of  education, training,  or  skills  should  receive  equal  pay
Term
Define: Sexual  harassment
Definition
unwelcome  sexual  advances,  requests  for  sexual favors,  and  other  verbal  or  physical  conduct  of  a sexual  nature  that  creates  a hostile  work  environment.
Term
Act that dealt with Sexual Harassment
Definition
Civil Rights Act  of  1991
Term
Define: unwelcome
Definition
a  term  for  behavior  that  would offend  a  reasonable  person
Term
Problems with Women in the Workplace
Definition

 (1)  absences  related  to  child  care  cost  U.S. businesses  billions  of dollars  annually

 

(2)  the  issue  of  who  should  pay  for  employee  child care  raises  a  question  that  often  divides  employees.

Term
Define: Consumer Market
Definition
consists  of  all  the  individuals  or households  that want  goods  and  services for  personal  consumption or  use  and have  the  resources  to  buy  them.
Term
Define:  business-to-business  market
Definition
all  the  individuals and  organizations  that  want goods  and  services  to  use  in  producing  other goods  and  services  or  to  sell,  rent,  or  supply goods  to  others.
Term
Define: Market Segmentation
Definition
The  process  of  dividing the total market into groups whose members have similar characteristics.
Term
Define: Target Marketing
Definition
Marketing directed toward those groups (market segments)  an  organization decides  it  can  serve profitably
Term

Types of Market Segmentation

 

Definition

geographic segmentation - Dividing a  market  by cities, counties, states,  or  regions.

 

demographic segmentation - Dividing the market by  age, income, and education level.

 

psychographic segmentation - Dividing the market using groups' values, attitudes, and interests.

 

benefit  segmentation - Dividing by determining which benefits of  the product to talk about.

 

volume  (or  usage) segmentation - Dividing the market by usage (volume  of  use).

Term
Types of Marketing for Small Markets
Definition

niche  marketing - The  process  of  finding small but  profitable market segments and designing or finding products for them.

 

One-to-one  marketing  -  developing a  unique  mix  of  goods  and  services  for  each individual customer.

Term
Define: mass  marketing
Definition
Developing  products and promotions to please large groups  of  people
Term
Define: relationship  marketing
Definition
Marketing  strategy with the goal  of  keeping  individual customers over time by offering them products  that exactly meet their requirements.
Term
Five steps in Consumer Decision Making
Definition

 problem recognition

information search

evaluate alternatives
purchase decision

comparisons

Term
Define: Learning... in consumer behavior factors
Definition
changes  in  an  individual's behavior resulting from
previous experiences  and  information
Term
Define: Reference Group ... in marketing behvior terms
Definition
the  group  an  individual  uses  as a  reference  point  in forming  beliefs, attitudes, values,  or  behavior
Term
Define: Culture ... in marketing behvior terms
Definition
the  set  of  values, attitudes,  and  ways of doing things  transmitted from  one  generation  to  another  in  a given society
Term
Define: subculture ... in marketing behvior terms
Definition
the  set  of  values,  attitudes,  and  ways  of  doing  things  that results  from  belonging  to  a  certain ethnic  group,  racial  group,  or  other group  with  which  one  closely identifies
Term
Define: cognitive dissonance ... in marketing behvior terms
Definition

 a type  of  psychological conflict  that  can  occur after a  purchase. 

 

Consumers  who  make  a  major  purchase  may  have doubts  about  whether  they  got  the  best  product  at  the  best  price

Term
Why is Business-to-business (B2B)  market different?
Definition

Customers  are  relatively few

 

customers  are relatively large

 

 tend  to  be  geographically  concentrated

 

more  rational  and  less  emotional

 

 sales  tend  to  be  direct

 

 based  on  personal selling

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