Term
| IRT/ pat preferences what is the difference between "utility" and "value" |
|
Definition
Utility is UNcertain
Value is CERTAIN |
|
|
Term
| How does descriptive HRQL differ from single utility expression of health status? |
|
Definition
| Single provides only a number; therefore we know that pt has QOL degradation in the disease state, but we do not know why (light-headedness, nausea...) |
|
|
Term
| Is cost the same as price or charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cost to bring good or srvc to mrkt |
|
|
Term
| How does paid amount relate to cost? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Accounting cost + implicit costs
or/AKA:
Explicit + implicit cost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The books of the business |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An implicit cost of owning a building is I have foregone the income from renting that building to someone else |
|
|
Term
| Exceptions to the law of supply and demand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Price goes up demand goes up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HTA involves comparative studies focused on a health intervention including evaluation of the benefits and effects of any technology or intervention (drugs, devices, procedures, processes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IRT ICER a positive denominator is |
|
Definition
| desirable; fewer exacerbations |
|
|
Term
| Describe VBID (Value based insurance design) |
|
Definition
Charge less for drugs to increase adherence
Lose money on drugs, but save on medical expenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ashville project
10 city project |
|
|
Term
| Wges apply to ____________, while price applies to __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not a generic!
A same same but different aka: competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Competitive = many sellers
Oligopoly = few sellers
Monopoly = one seller
Monosopy=? |
|
|
Term
| Describe a competitive market |
|
Definition
easy entry/exit
informed consumers
Sellers have negligible market share |
|
|
Term
| Describe the current Pharmacy market structure 2016 |
|
Definition
| Very Competitive...but mergers are happening Walgreens and Rite Aid! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research-based pharmaceutical industry |
|
Definition
| Monopolistic...mergers...patents... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monitor - FTC
Regulate - FDA
Third party payer - Medicare |
|
|
Term
| Definition of pharmacoeconomics |
|
Definition
| Identifies, measures, and compares cost and consenquences of pharm products and srvcs |
|
|
Term
| T/F in the US where we are absolutely the most retard first world nation in terms of healthcare who funds pharmacoeconomic studies |
|
Definition
Pharmaceutic companies
Insurance companies |
|
|
Term
| The new emphasis on PCOR (Patient centered outcome research) may result in |
|
Definition
| NIH CMS and FDA funding studies |
|
|
Term
| Can CMS fund cost effective research? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List a billion direct medical costs |
|
Definition
meds; med monitoring; med admin
pt couseling
Dx test
hospitilaization
clinic visit
ER visit
Nursin srvc
Ambulance srvc... |
|
|
Term
| List some direct non-medical costs |
|
Definition
cost of travel
non medical assistance
child care srvc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pt/caregiver loss of productivity
loss of productivity due to death |
|
|
Term
| List some intangible costs |
|
Definition
Pain
Suffering
Fatigue
Anxiety |
|
|
Term
| The many prespectives of cost |
|
Definition
| Public insurers, patients, governments, and society are burdened with some form of all the above costs. |
|
|
Term
| Prespectives of cost IRT Private insurers and hospitals |
|
Definition
| Direct cost only for the most part |
|
|
Term
| Two alternate means of estimating cost are___________,___________, which is more accurate |
|
Definition
Top down
Bottom up - AKA: micorcosting - more accurate |
|
|
Term
| Per diem v. disease specific per diem |
|
Definition
Per diem - an estimate cost for all pts to stay in the hospital for one day
Disease specific - estimated cost for a DB pt, or a CHF pt to stay in the hospital for one day |
|
|
Term
| NPV (Net present value) r= |
|
Definition
| interest rate...essentially... or percent of increase in srvc cost year over year... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Health-related quality of Life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Physical
Psychological
Social |
|
|
Term
| Define patient related outcome. |
|
Definition
| What the patient perceives as an ideal outcome.Not a number or a scale. AKA: Value. |
|
|
Term
| T/F FDA is not considering PROs from patients on claims |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of a CMA Cost Minimization Analysis? |
|
Definition
Simplest PECON study
Limited use; reqs alt. to have identical outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Comparing same generic drugs
Comparing brand to generic
Same drug different settings |
|
|
Term
| When looking at the weird 3X3 matrix CMA applies to which cells |
|
Definition
The center column (4, 6, 9)
4 Reject
6 Accept
9 Nuetral |
|
|
Term
| CEA (cost effective analysis) compares... |
|
Definition
| Compares value and costs of all alternatives |
|
|
Term
| Do CEAs require "willingness to pay" data? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F CEAs place "value" on outcomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F CEAs can measure outcomes in various units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F CEAs can measure tech w/ differ expected efficacy and safety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regurgitate some CEA examples |
|
Definition
| 1. 2 LDL drugs. A works better and cost more than B |
|
|
Term
| Is mortality and morbidity ever considered equal in these silly studies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The results of a CEA are represented by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do CER and ICER differ? |
|
Definition
CER - drug to placebo
ICER drug to existing treatment |
|
|
Term
| Results of a CER answer___________, while the results of an ICER answer blank. |
|
Definition
CER - should we treat
ICER - Which treatment is better |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (CostB-CostA)/ (EffectB-EffectA) |
|
|
Term
| IRT the silly 3X3 Matrix identify each "axis" b/c I feel like the labelling is all jacked up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Challenges and limitations of a CEA |
|
Definition
Need more information from decision makers
Not transparent
Do not know the comparators
Part I of a multi-part decision |
|
|
Term
| What does INB (Incremental Net [Monetary] Benefit) add to a CEA? |
|
Definition
landa
CEA data + landa
Now we know the cost willing to pay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Landa* change in effects)-(change in cost) |
|
|
Term
| One thing about landa IRT INB |
|
Definition
| We still need to quantify |
|
|
Term
| Define CUA (Cost Utility Analysis) |
|
Definition
| A CEA with QALY adjustment factor |
|
|
Term
| Two drugs have different outcomes, but similar side effects use which type of thinger? |
|
Definition
CEA
Not CUA b/c no need to QALY adj
Not CBA b/c differ outcomes |
|
|
Term
| 3 different ways utility can be assigned to a CUA (no consensus) |
|
Definition
1. Rating Scale
2. Standard Gamble
3. Time tradeoff |
|
|
Term
| T/F when assigning utility to a CUA using people from the general population will avoid bias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. still using willing ness to pay data
2. the accuracy of utility values |
|
|
Term
| An advantage of a CBA is that it allows us to compare |
|
Definition
| compare treatments and programs with unrelated outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cost of implementing tx < value of benefit?
$ for outcome > $ of cost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Death panels; have to place value on human life or disease prevention |
|
|
Term
| When we say indirect benefit we are talking about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When we say direct benefits we are talking about |
|
Definition
| Savings from medical/non-medical source |
|
|
Term
| When we say intangible we are talking about |
|
Definition
| things like pain and suffering |
|
|
Term
| Human capital method assigns value to |
|
Definition
| indirect benefits; wages lost/gained |
|
|
Term
| HCM (Human Captiol Method) equation |
|
Definition
| indirect benefit = wages gained-wages lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Easy to measure
Varitey of sources available for income data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bias toward special population
Assuming benefit=economic productivity
Does NOT account for intangible benefits |
|
|
Term
| Does HCM account for intangible benefits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of assigning value to indirect and intangible benefits |
|
Definition
1. HCM
2. WTP Willingness to pay |
|
|
Term
| T/F WTP accounts for indirect and intaginble benefits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Easy to measure
Varitey of sources available for income data |
|
|
Term
| WTP uses "contingent valuation" describe this |
|
Definition
| Hypothetical situations are presented, and respondent bids or places a value on the intervention and its benefit |
|
|
Term
| T/F WTP assigns a monetary value to indirect and intangible benefits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Value on intangible benefits
Grounded in preference + economic theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothetical descriptions
Routes of receiving valuations could induce bias
Respondents have difficulty placing value HCRQoLs |
|
|
Term
| What do cost of illness studies measure |
|
Definition
| total economic burden on society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Compare economic impact of different diseases
Determine resources needed...can compare two different countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No standard methodology
Studies on same diseases have different results |
|
|
Term
| Sources of clinical outcome data |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Data sources for utility measures |
|
Definition
Rating scale
Standard Gamble
Time trade-off |
|
|
Term
| Data sources of cost data |
|
Definition
Direct medical costs
Direct non-medical costs
indirect costs
intangible costs |
|
|
Term
| Benefit of EMR data over claims data |
|
Definition
Includes clinical findings
Better dx data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cost
Data-missing-ness
Not yet implemented with many providers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large patient samples over large priods of time
dx and servcs tracked
easy focus on specific groups
reflects RWO
Cheap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loss of follow up if person leaves the plan
Less reliable dx data
Data only generated if fee-for service
Sophisticated stats to prevent bias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sum_All_Medical
Sum_Dx_specific
Matched control
Regression |
|
|
Term
| Describe Sum_all_medical IRT COI studies |
|
Definition
| Sums all patient with dx cost |
|
|
Term
| Describe Sum_Dx_Specific IRT COI |
|
Definition
| Sums cost of all pts with specific dx |
|
|
Term
| Describe Matched control IRT COI |
|
Definition
Do a Sum_all
Subt avg cost of sample to find incremental costs |
|
|
Term
| Describe Regression IRT COI |
|
Definition
| Do sum_dx ... regression.... beta... ? |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cells of the sill 3x3 matrix |
|
Definition
1-2 Strong dominance for decision
3-6 Weak dominance for decision
7-9 Non dominance for the decision |
|
|
