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Father of psychology
1879-established 1st lab in Germany
Seperate discipline from philosophy & phsiology
1881 1st psychology journal devoted to research |
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Structuralism
Edward Tichener |
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based on the idea - analyze consciousness into basic elements
investigate how these elements are related
i.e. sensations,feelings,images
methos - systemic self-observation of one's own conscious experience. Lab based |
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American student of Wundt
1st research lab- John Hopkins
1st reearch journal
APA founder & president |
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investigate function or purpose of consciousness rather than structure.
Use real world observations
Behaviorism/Applied Psychology descendants |
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brother of Henry
famous text book - Principles of Psychology
strongly influenced by Darwin
"Stream of conscious thought" |
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| Famous Women Psychologists |
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Mary Wilton Calkins 1st woman president APA
Maragret Floy Washburn - 1st PhD, Animal Mind
Leta Holloingworth gifted childern |
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| careful,systemic self-observation of one's own conscious experience |
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| heritable traits that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to passed on than |
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Thoughts ,memories & desires below surface of consciousness but influence behavior
Psychoanalysis |
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| explains personality,motivation & mental disorders- focusing on unconsious determinants of behavior,not master of your own mind. |
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should only study observable behavior
Verifiable results needed to stay a science
John B Watson |
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| observable response or activity by an organism |
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Free will an illusion
tend to repeat responses that lead + outcomes and avoid responses leading to - outcomes |
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theoretical - emphasizes unique qualities of humans
esp freedom and potential for personal growth |
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| concerned with everyday practical problems |
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concerned with diagnosis & treatment of psychological disorders
increased after WW! |
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| mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge |
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tendency to view one's own group as superior to others
standard for judging worth of foreign ways |
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| behavioral process in the terms of the adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations |
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rail worker suffered serious head injury. Behavior after accident- different person.
Frontal lobe injury |
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executive functioning
considered the brain's editor
last area of brain to develop mid teens |
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Medical model
MDs
mostly med management |
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study the lifespan
infancy,elder,child |
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brain & behavior
Concussions cause a higher risk to other diseases
ALS, depression,Alzhiemer's |
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| Industrial/ Organizational Psychology |
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office design
efficiency
work flow
conflict resolution |
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| the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation |
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| system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations |
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| tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables |
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| any measurable condition,event,characteristic or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study |
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1) Ask a question- clear & to the point- narrow focus
2) Hypothesis- drives research
3) research Design-
4) Variables- independent,dependent,control
5) Get your subjects
6) Collect Data
7) Statistics
8) Write up/present/publish |
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case study
survey
controlled experiment
naturalistic observation |
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| condition or event that the experimenter varies in order to see its impact on other variable |
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| variable thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable |
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average number
too high or too low a number can screw the mean |
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| number that occurs the most |
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| how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean |
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exists when 2 variables are related to each other
+ correlation- 1 thing up,something else up
- correlation- 1 thing down,something else down
zero no relationship
NEVER imply cause & effect |
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brain cell
function is to communicate ( receive,integrate and transmit) |
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| cell body contains the nucleus and chemical machinery common to all cells |
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tree like parts of a neuron
collection points
send information to cell body |
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long thin fiber that transmits signal away from soma
covered in myelin sheath ( made mostly of fat)
insulate and protect to maintain integrity of sheath |
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| small knobs that secrete neurotransmitters |
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| is a junction where information is transmitted from 1 neuron to another |
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| cells found through out the nervous system ,provide various support for neurons |
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| brief shift in neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon |
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charged particles K+ Na+ Cl- moved through the cell membrane to reverse the charge of the cell
-70mm |
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| stable negative charge ,cell inactive |
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| Absolute Refractory period |
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| the minimum length of time after an action potential before another action potential cannot begin |
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| Relative refractory period |
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| neuron can be fired but the threshold for firing is elevated |
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| amount of stimulation required to start an action potential |
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can't half fire a gun
neuron fires or it doesn't |
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| a microscopic gap between the terminal button of 1 neuron qnd the cell membrane of another |
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chemicals that transmit information from 1 neuron to another
Acetlycholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
GABA
Glutamine
Endorphins |
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PSP
postsynaptic potential |
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| voltage change at a receptor site |
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1 synthesis & storage of neurotransmitter molecules in synaptic vesicles
2 release of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
3 binding of neurotransmitters at receptor sites on post synaptic membrane
4 inactivation by enzymes or removal of neurotransmitters
5 reuptake of neurotransmitters sponged by the presynaptic cleft |
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neuromuscular junctions
muscle contraction
memory,attention, arousal
Alzheimer's disease |
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contributes to mood & arousal
depression- too little
mania- too much |
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contributes to voluntary movement
schizophrenia- too much
parkinson's -too little
Circuits in medial forebrain characterized as reward pathway. |
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sleep,rage,depression,eating
depressive disorders
obsessive-compulsive |
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anxiety disorders
excitatory transmitter |
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involved in learning and memory
schizophrenia |
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| resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects |
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Central- brain + spinal cord
Peripheral- somatic + autonomic |
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Sympathetic= fight or flight
parasympathetic=rest and digest
reciprocal |
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voluntary muscle movement
& sensory receptors |
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requires 3 neurons
sensory
interneuron
motor |
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| destroying piece of the brain |
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Cerebellum
medulla - brain stem functions
pons- reticular formation |
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unconscious vital functions
brain stem |
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bridge
connects brainstem to cerebellum
reticular formation= sleep,wakefulness |
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little brain
coordinates fine muscle motor movement
memory of motor movement
more neurons than rest of brain |
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| bridge of fibers involved in passing information between 2 hemispheres |
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lots of folds-to accommodate higher functions
more neurons require more space |
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relay center for cortex,handles incoming & outgoing signals
all sensory information except smell |
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responsible for regulating basic biological functions
hunger,thirst,temperature control
controls release of hormones |
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release of hormones
master gland regulates other endocrine glands |
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largest & most complex
includes thalamus,hypothalamus,limbic system and cerebrum |
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responsible for sensing,thinking,learning,emotion,consciousness
cerebral cortex outer layer
Right visual -spatial skills ,music tasks
Left language + music for musicians |
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seahorse in shape
memory and learning |
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emotion and agression
almond shaped
fear/rage/maternal aggression |
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loosely connected structure of systems involved in memory,emotion and motivation
olfactory bulb
hippocampus
amygdela |
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4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal |
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| Visual signals sent and visual processing begun |
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forward of occipital lobe
sense of touch
where are you in space |
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near the temples
primary auditory cortex
emotions |
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largest lobe
primary motor cortex or motor strip
executive functions |
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least amount of energy required to detect a stimulus for the 1st time
Do you see/hear/smell this? Yes or No |
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| Just noticeable difference |
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minium amount of energy required to detect a change in the stimulus for the 1st time
Is the light brighter?
The bigger the stimulus the bigger the change needed. |
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| is the stimulation of sense organs |
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| is the selection,organization and interpretation of sensory input |
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| is a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation |
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cornea- protective lens
iris- protective muscle-controls light entering eye
pupil- created by iris opening and closing
lens- focus image" upside down & reversed" onto retina
filled with aqueous fluid
fovea- area of best vision
optic disc- blindspot
optic nerve |
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Visual receptors
1st layer of retina |
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Definition
cones- best vision need lots of light/color, closer to fovea
rods- dim light/darkness no detail. More rods found further away from fovea |
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biopolar cell 1 cell for each cone = best vision
rods share a cell |
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ganglion cells become the optic nerve
blind spot where the ganglion cells leave the optic nerve |
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the neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye
absorbs light,processes images and sends visual information to the brain |
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human eye has 3 types of receptors( cones) with different sensitivities to light wavelengths
green/red/blue basic colors of light |
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sex linked trait mother to son
red/green most common
these colors become a brownish color |
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holds that color vision depends on receptors that make opposite responses to 3 pairs of colors.
has final say in the cortex
red- green
blue-yellow
white-black |
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| visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed |
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| we all sense things differently |
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whole is greater than the sum of its parts
put order in environment |
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things near one another belong together
|| || || 3 sets of parrall lines instead of 6 lines |
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viewers tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a figure
() makes a zero |
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elements that are similar are grouped together
^7^7^
^7^7^
^7^7^ |
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see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation
......... seen as a line |
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pinna- folds collect sound
auditory ear canal- funnels sound in. Slightly different in all
cupping your ear amplifies sound |
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Ear drum- tympanic membrane
3 smallest bones in body
sound waves push on drum pushes hammer onto anvil and then to stirrup which stimulates oval window |
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cochlea fluid filled coiled tunnel that contain receptors for hearing
sound enters cochlea through the oval window |
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bottom layer of cochlea
hair cells sit between 2 layers and sound waves travel through them |
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2 types
nerve-loss of hair cells- repeated exposure to loud noises
conduction- problem between eardrum and oval window
treated with hearing aid |
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perception of pitch corresponds to vibration of different portions or places along basilar membrane
high frequency sound waves vibrates a specific grouping of hair cells .move faster |
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perception of pitch theory corresponds to rate or frequency at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
low frequency travel slowly - hair cell cells move at same speed as sound |
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intensity=louder closer to source
timing- which side does it hit 1st? |
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taste buds= only sensory cells that grow back
replaced every 7-10days. Decrease as you age, babies have more taste buds
sweet- tip of tongue
sour- sides
salty- sides
bitter-back |
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combination of taste,smell and texture of food
smell travels back of your throat up ti your nose
irrigates tear ducts |
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receptors olfactory cilia found in upper portion of nasal passages. short life span- 30-60 days,constantly replaced
only sensory system in which incoming information not routed through thalamus prior to projecting to cortex. |
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Skin largest organ
mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli
temperature,pressure and vibration can show adaption as long not uncomfortable.
pain never shows adaption need to correct or fix it |
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