Term
| Sonographically what looks like a complex mass with debris, septations and gas, along with irregular borders? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does gas in the abscess produce sonographically? |
|
Definition
| reverberation artifact (comet tail) |
|
|
Term
| what does abscess typically demonstrate sonographically, depending on the cystic components? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the most reliable clinical finding in patients with abscesses? |
|
Definition
presence of fever
increased WBC's |
|
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Term
| what is an excessive accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 mechanisms that produce ascites? |
|
Definition
low serum osmotic pressure (protien loss)
high portal venous pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cirrhosis
hypoalbuminemia
budd chiari syndrome
heat failure
cancer
nephrotic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| where is ascites commonly found? |
|
Definition
inferior aspect of the right lobe of the liver
morrison's pouch
pelvic cul-de-sac
paracolic gutters |
|
|
Term
| what is frequently seen with ascites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what can successfully treat ascites and how? |
|
Definition
tips
by lowering portal pressure |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of ascites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the indication of benign ascites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for benign ascites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is malignant ascites also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the bowel when there is malignant ascites around it? |
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Definition
| the bowel loops are tethered or matted to the posterior abdominal wall surrounded by complex or loculated fluid collections |
|
|
Term
| what does the peritoneal cavity fill up in a malignant ascites? |
|
Definition
| with mucinous material and gelatinous ascites |
|
|
Term
| what else is seen implanted in on the peritoneal surfaces? and what is it caused by? |
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Definition
| tumor implants which is caused by metastasis or rupture of a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma or the ovary or mucinous tumor of the appendix |
|
|
Term
| why is therapeutic paracentesis not possible with malignant ascites? But what else can be done with the malignant ascites? |
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Definition
| because of the nature of the mucin but enough material can be removed by ultrasound guidance for a diagnostic paracentesis, if the diagnosis is not certain |
|
|
Term
| What is an encapsulated collection of bile in the peritoneal cavity? what causes it? |
|
Definition
biloma
results from a bile duct disruption or some sort of hepatic trauma, surgery or gallbladder disease |
|
|
Term
| how will ultrasound show biloma? |
|
Definition
| well defined fluid collection within the liver. low level echoes may be present due to hemorrhage or debris contained within |
|
|
Term
| what is a differential diagnosis for a biloma? how can be differentiated? |
|
Definition
could be liver cysts
differentiation can be made by needle aspiration |
|
|
Term
| The majority of bilomas will resolve spontaneously, however they may require drainage if they ________ or show signs of ____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ____________ are predominantly cystic masses located in the RUQ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is collection of blood which is usually confined to an organ tissue or space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does hematomas look in ultrasound? |
|
Definition
| it is variable depending on the age of the collection |
|
|
Term
| Fibrin invasion causes hematomas to appear ________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| gradual hemolysis eventually creates an ______ appearance |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Organization of the clot or fragemtation of the clot will produce _________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ____________ are often associated with longstanding hematomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the volume of RBC's found in 100ml of blood? what will result in a decrease of it? |
|
Definition
Hematocrit
blood spillage outside the circulatory system will result in a decreased hematocrit |
|
|
Term
| A ________ in the hematocrit level indicates the presence of a hematoma |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why is u/s used for thorax (non cardiac chest)? |
|
Definition
identifying pleural effusion
identifying solid pleural mass
identifying loculated thoracic fluid
measurement of diaphragm motion
localization for a thoracentesis |
|
|
Term
| Localization of pleural fluid is performed with the patient in a ______ position however the appropriate position for a thoracentesis is _______ |
|
Definition
sitting
whatever position the physician wants |
|
|
Term
| where is solid pleural masses and loculated throacic fluid typically seen? |
|
Definition
| fixed away from the diaphragm, opposed to free fluid that accumulates in the recesses of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
Thoracentesis - pleural fluid color
pale yellow -
chylous -
chocolate brown -
purulent -
bloody - |
|
Definition
transudate
lymphatic channels
amebiasis
bacterial infection
- hemothorax, trauma, malignancy, lung infarction |
|
|
Term
| What is a collection of synovial fluid called? where is it commonly located? |
|
Definition
baker's cyst
commonly located in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa, they can also extend downward into the calf muscles, especially as they rupture |
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of a bakers cyst? |
|
Definition
rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis
overuse of the knees |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical symptoms of bakers cyst? what can it be mistaken for? |
|
Definition
| mistaken for a DVT due to pain and swelling behind the knee and in the uper calf |
|
|
Term
| what is a 2 longitudinally oriented muscles extending from the zyphoid process to the pubic bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rectus sheath is encased in a _______ anteriorly and posteriorly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is formed when the sheath of the rectus abdominus muscle join at the midline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the bleeding into the rectus sheath? |
|
Definition
| from damage to the superior or inferior epigastric arteries or their branches or from a direct tear of the rectus muscle |
|
|
Term
| Blood cannot flow past the midline in a rectus sheath hematoma because of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does rectus sheath hematomas occur? |
|
Definition
trauma
pregnancy
surgical injury
anticoagulation therapy
long term steroid therapy
heavy physical activity
violent coughing |
|
|
Term
| Where does the anterior and posterior rectus sheath extend? |
|
Definition
| extends from the costal margin to the arcuate line (semicircular line), which is located midway between the umbilicus and the symphysis pubis, where the posterior wall of the sheath ends |
|
|
Term
| why does the rectus muscle hematoma superior to the arcuate line stays confined between the anterior and posterior sheath and doesn't move across the midline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the rectus muscle hematoma inferior to the arcuate line extend to? |
|
Definition
| into the pelvis mimicking pelvic pathology causing external compression on the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| what is a protrusion of intra-abdominal contents through defect in posterior fascia called? |
|
Definition
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